Lithium polysulfide batteries possess several favorable attributes including low cost and high energy density for grid energy storage. However, the precipitation of insoluble and irreversible sulfide species on the surface of carbon and lithium (called “dead” sulfide species) leads to continuous capacity degradation in high mass loading cells, which represents a great challenge. To address this problem, herein we propose a strategy to reactivate dead sulfide species by reacting them with sulfur powder with stirring and heating (70 °C) to recover the cell capacity, and further demonstrate a flow battery system based on the reactivation approach. As a result, ultrahigh mass loading (0.125 g cm–3, 2 g sulfur in a single cell), high volumetric energy density (135 Wh L–1), good cycle life, and high single-cell capacity are achieved. The high volumetric energy density indicates its promising application for future grid energy storage.
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机译：多硫化锂电池具有几个有利的属性，包括低成本和高能量密度以用于电网储能。然而，不溶和不可逆的硫化物在碳和锂表面的沉淀（称为“死”硫化物）会导致高负荷电池的连续容量下降，这是一个巨大的挑战。为了解决这个问题，在此我们提出一种策略，通过在搅拌和加热（70°C）下使死的硫化物与硫粉反应来活化死硫化物，以恢复电池容量，并进一步证明了基于再活化方法的液流电池系统。结果，超高的质量负荷（0.125 g cm –3 ，单个电池中含2 g硫），高体积能量密度（135 Wh L –1 ），良好使用寿命长，单电池容量高。高体积能量密度表明其在未来电网储能中的应用前景广阔。
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