The HIV-1 accessory proteins Nef and Vpu downregulate total and cell surface CD28 in CD4+ T cells

摘要

BackgroundThe HIV-1 accessory proteins Nef and Vpu alter cell surface levels of multiple host proteins to modify the immune response and increase viral persistence. Nef and Vpu can downregulate cell surface levels of the co-stimulatory molecule CD28, however the mechanism of this function has not been completely elucidated.