针对新疆辣椒、番茄等作物移栽效率低、强度大、移栽质量差及作业工序多等问题,该文研制了一种全自动蔬菜穴盘苗铺膜移栽机,整机主要由自动送苗系统、自动取苗机构与栽植机构、机架、动力传动系统、铺膜铺管装置及镇压覆土装置等组成,可实现一次性完成整形开沟、铺设地膜与滴灌带、自动移栽及覆土镇压等多道作业工序,实现作物膜上覆土移栽的全自动机械化作业过程,并能满足不同作物移栽种植要求.辣椒穴盘苗田间移栽试验结果表明:当机组前进速度为2.8 km/h、理论设计株距为20 cm时,移栽机移栽频率为62株/(min·行),立苗合格率为96.3%,漏栽率为2.8%,伤苗率为1.25%,移栽合格率为93.4%,移栽深度合格率为93.5%,株距合格率为94.7%,株距变异系数为7.9%;滴灌管铺设效果较好,无破损、打折,铺膜及覆土性能优良,地膜采光面展平度为98.2%,采光面宽度合格率为平均为97.8%,平均机械破损程度平均为3.4 mm/m2,膜孔全覆土率为97.8%,移栽机各项性能指标均能够满足辣椒穴盘苗铺膜移栽的农艺要求.该研究可为国内开展全自动旱地移栽机的研发提供参考,对推动新疆机械化育苗移栽技术的发展具有重要意义.%Xinjiang has the adequate light and large temperature difference between day and night, and its unique light and heat resources are very suitable for crop growing, such as tomato and pepper; the planting area and productivity of Xinjiang have been ranked the first in China for many years. But due to special climatic conditions in Xinjiang area, crops are generally transplanted on the plastic film, and also need to lay a drip belt. In recent years, Xinjiang has begun to vigorously promote the crop transplanting technology, and the transplanting area of tomato and pepper has continued to increase. However, at present, there are no automatic vegetable transplanting machines available in Xinjiang, and the seedlings transplanting work basically relies on manual operation; some transplanters used are mainly semi-automatic machines, which still need manual work to pick up seedlings and drop seedlings, and also need laying the film and drip irrigation before transplanting, as well as the additional press and soil covering operations after the transplanting. Therefore, it is very important and urgent to study the multi-functional automatic transplanter for plug seedling in Xinjiang. In this paper, the 2ZXM-2 automatic plastic film mulch plug seedling transplanter for tomato and pepper was developed to replace the manual operation and semi-automatic machines transplanting. The mechanism mainly consisted of the frame, the laying film device, the soil covering and pressing mechanism, the automatic seedling pick-up mechanism, the planting mechanism and the automatic seedling feeding system which can feeding seedlings accurately for the pick-up mechanism. The transplanter designed not only can complete automatic seedling transplanting and soil covering and pressing at one time, it can also lay drip irrigation belt and plastic film at the same time. With the 2ZXM-2 automatic plastic film mulch plug seedling transplanter, it is very convenient to complete the multi-channel working procedure of transplanting, and it can also be applied to the transplanting of different crops. In order to verify the performance of automatic transplanter, the test prototype was made and the pepper field transplant experiment was carried out in the Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Agricultural Machinery. The test results showed that when the speed of the machine was 2.8 km/h, the theoretical plant spacing was 20 cm, and the transplanting frequency reached 62 plants/(min·row), the qualified rate of seedlings was 96.3%, the leakage rate of seedlings was 2.8%, the seedling injury rate was 1.25%, the qualified rate of transplanting depth was 93.5%, the qualified rate of the plant spacing was 94.7%, the spacing variation coefficient was 7.9%, and the qualified rate of transplanting achieved 93.4%. Meanwhile, in the process of transplanting test, the drip irrigation pipe was laid and had not been damaged and bent at all again, and the performance of mulch film laying and soil covering was also excellent; by statistics and calculation, the flattening degree of plastic film lighting surface reached 98.2%, the qualified rate of plastic film lighting surface width achieved 97.8%, and the average mechanical damage degree of film surface was only 3.4 mm/m2. Therefore, the performance indices of 2ZXM-2 automatic plastic film mulch plug seedling transplanter can perfectly meet the agronomic requirements of pepper seedling transplanting. In conclusion, the research for this transplanter not only provides some theoretical basis and reference for the study of automatic dry land transplanter in China, and it also has important significance for the development of mechanized seedling transplanting technology in Xinjiang.
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