基于负压灌溉系统的温室番茄蒸发蒸腾量自动检测

摘要

针对目前关于作物蒸发蒸腾量测量方法中存在测定成本高、工作强度大及精确度差等问题,设计了一种测量作物蒸发蒸腾量的负压灌溉系统(negative pressure irrigation,NI).为验证测量结果的精确性,以水量平衡法为对照(CK),采用田间小区定位试验,研究了NI条件下日光温室番茄周年土壤水分动态变化,并对比分析了温室番茄蒸发蒸腾量及水分利用效率.结果表明:NI条件下的温室番茄0~20 cm土壤含水率及0~100 cm土体贮水量变化稳定,周年变化幅度分别为21.4%~23.8%和322.2~333.3 mm.负压灌溉系统测量的春茬番茄蒸发蒸腾量呈单峰曲线变化,季节变化幅度为0.46~5.68 mm,最高值出现在5月20日;秋茬番茄的蒸发蒸腾量季节变化幅度小于春茬番茄,仅为0.56~3.43 mm,最高值出现在10月12日.NI测定的番茄周年蒸发蒸腾量为533.4 mm,低于CK计算结果(541.6 mm),但并无显著性差异(P>0.05).2种方法测定的周年蒸发蒸腾量呈极显著线性正相关关系(P<0.01),相对误差绝对值的平均仅为3.83%~7.71%,绝对误差绝对值的平均也只有2.14~5.08 mm.2种方法得到的温室番茄水分利用效率也无显著性差异.综合分析,负压灌溉系统能够实现温室番茄蒸发蒸腾量的计算,其结果不仅与水量平衡法无显著差异,而且简便快捷、使用成本低、测定结果可靠,为温室作物的蒸发蒸腾量测量提供了新的技术手段.%Accurately measuring crop evapotranspiration is important for developing suitable irrigation schedule and improving crop water use efficiency. In order to obtain the crop evapotranspiration conveniently, rapidly and accurately, the negative pressure irrigation (NI) system based on negative pressure device was established in this study. In combination with negative pressure device, we increased the liquid level detection device, which could collect the liquid level information real-timely, and the evapotranspiration was calculated by formula with system controller. The new method of crop evapotranspiration measurement could avoid many problems, i.e. high cost on measurement, high-intensity work and poor accuracy and so on. To test and verify the accuracy of calculation results, 2-seasons (early-spring season and autumn-winter season) field experiments were carried out at the National Experiment Station for Precision Agriculture (40?10′43′′N, 116?26′39′′W), Xiaotanshan Beijing, China. The NI measured results were compared with those with the water balance method;(CK). The soil water content in surface (0-20 cm), soil water storage (0-100 cm) and tomato yield were measured in the experiment during the whole growing season. The dynamic change of soil water content in greenhouse was studied and the tomato evapotranspiration and water use efficiency were compared. The results showed that: the variation of surface soil water content (0-20 cm) and soil water storage (0-100 cm) were stable under the negative pressure irrigation condition and the annual variation range were 21.4%-23.8% and 322.2-333.3 mm, respectively. The seasonal variation regularity of tomato evapotranspiration could be obtained with the method of negative pressure irrigation. The variation of early-spring tomato evapotranspiration in greenhouse showed a single peak curve under the negative pressure irrigation condition. The seasonal change ranged from 0.46 mm to 5.68 mm, and the peak appeared at May 20th. The autumn-winter tomato evapotranspiration had a seasonal change of 0.56-3.43 mm, which was less than the early-spring season, and the peak appeared at October 12th. Compared with the water balance method, the tomato evapotranspiration of the negative pressure irrigation system had taken on the same change rule during the growth period, and the maximum water consumption rate all appeared at tomato fruit-set period. The annual tomato evapotranspiration was 533.4 mm based on the method of negative pressure irrigation with no significant difference with that of the water balance method (541.6 mm) (P>0.05). The tomato evapotranspiration that measured by the 2 methods (NI and CK) had showed a extremely significantly linear positive correlation (R2=0.971, P<0.01), and the mean of absolute of relative error was 3.83%-7.71%, and the mean of absolute of absolute error was only 2.14-5.08 mm. Water use efficiency of greenhouse tomato for the NI treatment was 293.3 and 292.4 kg/mm in the early spring and autumn winter seasons, respectively and there were no significant difference compared with CK treatment (P>0.05). The method based on negative pressure irrigation system can make the calculation of crop evapotranspiration conveniently, which not only had no significant difference with those of the water balance method, but also simply, low cost, rapidly and with high accuracy. This method provides an effective technology to measure crop evapotranspiration in solar greenhouse.