全球黑土区土壤有机质变化态势及其管理技术

摘要

黑土富含有机质，适宜耕种，具有极高作物生产潜力。黑土耕地是重要农业自然资源与主要的粮食生产基地。随着我国黑土大规模开发、高强度利用、不合理的田间管理措施以及水土流失导致其耕地地力呈现不断下降的态势，突出表现就是土壤有机质含量的降低，给东北黑土区农业可持续发展带来隐患，直接影响粮食安全和生态安全。因此，深入了解全球黑土有机质变化态势，采取科学、有效的田间管理措施，建立黑土生态保护机制，遏制黑土耕地土壤有机质含量不断下降的趋势，既是农业生产实际的客观需求，也是农田生态学需要解决的科学问题。本文根据近年来国内外黑土有机质的文献资料，参考了国外黑土有机质研究前沿进展，对黑土耕地有机质的利用现状、演变过程和发展趋势进行了深入剖析，总结了黑土区耕地土壤有机质保持与提升技术措施，并提出未来我国黑土耕地农业生产与生态保护兼顾的技术路线。%Mollisols is the important natural resources in the world that it has significant crop productivity and it is main grain production base in China. With continuous reclaiming, unreasonable management which result in water and soil erosion and fertility declining, the outstanding performance of which directly is lower soil organic matter content, which following hidden danger to local agricultural sustainable development and directly affect the national food security and ecological security. There-fore, adopting scientific and effective field management measures and set up the ecological protection mechanism on mollisols area which can prevent soil organic matter content declined. These measures not only objective demand of actual agricultural production, but also the problem of science of farmland ecology can be solved. This paper based on the international literature about mollisols in recent years especially in reference for the study of foreign black soil area of organic matter, describes the process comprehensive and evolution of mollisols organic matter, status quo and the technical measures to maintain and enhance soil organic matter in mollisols arable soil that put forward the development direction in the future.