花生壳生物炭对土壤改良、蔬菜增产及其持续效应研究

摘要

通过田间试验,一次性施入花生壳来源生物炭,研究其对土壤改良、蔬菜生长、蔬菜品质影响及其作用的持续效应,为土壤改良的应用提供科学依据.生物炭用量设置0、2.5、5、10 t·hm-24个水平,2014~2016年共进行16个月多茬上海青、油麦菜和生菜3种蔬菜轮作的田间试验,在各茬蔬菜收获时测定产量,并采集蔬菜样品测定可溶性糖、硝酸盐及Vc含量,同时采集各小区土壤样品测定pH值、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾及有机碳含量.研究结果表明,不同用量花生壳生物炭可提高土壤pH值0.1 ~0.8单位,提高土壤有机碳1.4% ~31.4%,使蔬菜增产6.2% ~96.5%;但对蔬菜可溶性糖、硝酸盐及Vc含量没有明显影响.花生壳生物炭对前两茬蔬菜收获时的土壤速效钾含量具有显著提高作用,对以后各茬蔬菜收获时的土壤速效钾、所有茬次蔬菜收获时的土壤碱解氮及有效磷含量均没有明显影响.与对照处理相比,5 t·hm-2花生壳生物炭施用效果最好,可提高土壤pH值0.3~0.8单位,提升土壤有机碳4.6% ~19.0%,增产蔬菜7.9% ~96.5%.连续种植多茬蔬菜后,5 t·hm-2花生壳生物炭处理的土壤pH值仍然比对照处理提高16.9%、土壤有机碳提升8.5%,蔬菜产量增加18.7%.因此,一次性施用适量花生壳生物炭在16个月内对连续多茬蔬菜试验具有持续增产和改土作用.%The main objectives of this research were to provide the scientific reference for the use of peanut shell biochar as a soil amendment to improve the soil quality and vegetable yield. A field experiment was conducted from October 2014 to January 2016 under four biochar application rates (0 t·hm-2, 2.5 t·hm-2, 5 t·hm-2, 10 t·hm-2respectively) with Greengrocery (Brassicachinensis L.) -Romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa varlongifoliaf. Lam) -Lettuce (var. ramosa Hort.) rotations. The yield, soluble sugar, nitrate and vitamin C contents of each stubble vegetable were determined. The pH value, Alkaline hydrol-ysis nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic carbon contents of soil after each stubble vegetable harvested were also analyzed. The peanut shell biochar treatments increased soil pH value by 0.1~0.8, soil organic carbon by 1.4% ~31.4% and vegetable yield by 6.2% ~96.5%. There was no significant influence of peanut shell biochar on the soluble sugar, nitrate and Vc contents of each stubble vegetable. Peanut shell biochar increased the soil available potassium content of the first two crops, but had no influence on next crops. Compared with the control treatment, 5 t·hm-2of peanut shell biochar(as an optimum application rate) increased soil pH value by 0.3~0.8, soil organic carbon by 4.6% ~19.0%, and vegetable yield by 7.9% ~96.5%. After the last vegetable, soil pH, soil organic carbon content and vegetable yield under 5 t·hm-2biochar treatment were still 16.9%, 8.5% and 18.7% higher than those of control treatment. The application of peanut shell biochar could effectively alleviate the acidity of the soil, significantly enhance soil organic carbon content and vegetable yield. And the residual effect can could keep at least 16 months.