作物精确栽培技术的构建与实现

摘要

随着现代作物栽培学与新兴学科领域的交叉与融合,作物栽培管理正从传统的模式化和规范化,向着定量化和智能化的方向迈进.作物精确栽培技术即是将系统科学和信息技术应用于作物栽培学,并对作物栽培学所涉及的对象和过程进行数字化设计、信息化感知、动态化模拟,从而实现作物栽培管理的定量化与精确化.通过多年的探索和实践,基本构建了具有中国特色的作物精确栽培技术体系,重点在作物栽培方案的定量设计、作物生长指标的光谱监测、作物生产力的模拟预测三个方面取得了显著的研究进展,并在试验示范中实现了基于生产因子的作物栽培管理方案优化设计、基于光谱信息的作物生长指标监测诊断、基于生长过程的作物产量品质预测预报.作物精确栽培技术的未来发展将需要深入推进作物栽培学与模拟技术、传感技术、决策技术等的交叉融合,完善适用于单点到区域不同尺度的作物栽培方案精确设计、作物生长状况精确诊断、作物生产力精确预测等关键技术,加强作物精确栽培技术软件系统和硬件产品的开发应用与示范推广,从而促进现代作物栽培管理不断向着智慧化方向迈进.作物精确栽培技术的进一步完善将有助于提升农业生产的管理水平和综合效益,加快农业信息化与现代化的发展进程.%The objective of this paper is to introduce the technical content, research progress, application impact, and future prospect of crop precision cultivation (CPC). The contents of CPC include digital design, information sensing and dynamic simulation of the objects and processes of crop cultivation system and thus realizing quantitative and precise crop management, based on integration of system science, information technology and crop cultivation. During the recent years, Chinese-style CPC technology has been developed by thorough and systematic research on the key techniques and application systems of crop precision cultivation, and remarkable advances have been achieved in three areas of CPC technology as precision design of crop cultivation plan, precision diagnosis of crop growth status, and precision prediction of crop productivity. Among them crop cultivation plan design is based on local production factors, crop growth monitoring and diagnosis is based on canopy spectral reflectance, and crop yield and quality prediction is based on growth process models. The future prospect of CPC is directed toward integrating and coupling crop cultivation with simulation technique, sensing technique, and decision support technique, and improving the keytechniques for design of crop cultivation plan, diagnosis of crop growth status, and prediction of crop productivity from the field to regional scales. Further, the comprehensive software and hardware systems on the basis of CPC technology should be constructed and applied for realizing informatization of crop production management and promoting development of smart agriculture. Crop precision cultivation will be helpful to enhancement of the management level and production output, and facilitation of the progress of informatization and modernization of agricultural industry.