不同灌溉施肥模式对温室番茄产量、品质及水肥利用的影响

摘要

[Objective]Irrigation and fertilization are the key factors that can affect the greenhouse tomato growth and development. The objective of this study was to establish an optimized fertigation mode which can realize water and fertilizer saving and yield increasing in tomato integrative water and fertilizer management in solar greenhouse.[Method]Based on a negative pressure device and drip irrigation system, the effects of three fertilization modes of conventional application of base fertilizer (CK), drip fertigation (DI) and negative pressure fertigation (NI) on greenhouse tomato growth, yield, quality and water and fertilizer use efficiency were studied.[Result]The annual soil moisture variation of the negative pressure fertigation mode had a relative stability in the tomato growth, and the 0-20 cm soil water content was 20.8%-25.0%, which was less than the range of 19.7%-28.6% of drip fertigation. Compared to the treatment of CK and DI, the negative pressure fertigation treatment (NI) not only promoted the tomato plants' growth, increased the tomato yield and improved the fruit quality, but also reduced the application of annual total nutrients (N+P2O5+K2O) by 5.0% and 17.2%, respectively. The tomato biomass and fruit yield of treatment NI had increased by 23.0% (P<0.05) and 7.5%-10.0% respectively, compared with the treatment CK. The fruit nitrate content of treatment NI also had reduced by 17.3%-21.5% (P<0.05) compared with the treatment DI. Tomato had the higher water consumption at flowering and fruiting stages, which had accounted for 57.1%-67.3% of the whole growing period. The negative pressure fertigation mode (NI) can reduce irrigation water and fertilizer input and tomato water consumption, and enhance water use efficiency. Compared with the treatments CK and DI, the annual irrigation amount of treatment NI had reduced by 18.4% and 17.2%, the annual water consumption reduced by 12.8% and 12.1% (P<0.05), the water use efficiency increased by 12.7%-40.1% and 10.0%-30.3% (P<0.05), and the partial factor productivity of fertilizer increased by 10.4%-19.6% and 14.5%-42.7% (P<0.05), respectively. The sustainable and steady supply of water is an important reason to achieve the goal of water and fertilizer saving, production increasing and with good quality in the negative pressure fertigation mode.[Conclusion]The mode of NI, which was based on the negative device to supply nutrient solution, not only can reduce the application of water and fertilizer, but also can promote the growth of greenhouse tomato, ensure the production, improve the fruit quality and make the water use efficiency increased greatly. It can be used as a new mode in integrative management of water and fertilizer in solar greenhouse.%[目的]建立适用于日光温室番茄水肥一体化的管理模式,探讨不同灌溉施肥模式在日光温室番茄节水节肥增产效能上的差异.[方法]基于负压装置和滴灌系统,研究常规施基肥(CK)、营养液滴灌施肥(DI)和负压供液施肥(NI)对温室番茄产量、品质及水肥利用效率的影响.[结果]负压供液施肥模式下土壤水分具有相对的稳定性,0—20 cm土层含水量周年变化幅度为20.8%—25.0%,低于滴灌施肥处理的19.7%—28.6%.基于负压装置的供液模式(NI)相对于处理CK和DI,不但养分(N+P2O5+K2O)的周年总投入量分别降低了5.0%和17.2%,而且显著促进了番茄植株生长,增加了产量,改善了果实品质.其中处理NI与CK相比,番茄生物量提高了23.0%以上(P<0.05),产量增加了7.5%—10.0%,而与处理DI相比,果实硝酸盐含量降低了17.3%—21.5%(P<0.05).负压供液施肥模式能够减少水肥用量,降低温室番茄周年耗水量,提高水肥利用率.与处理CK和DI相比,处理NI的年灌水量分别减少了18.4%和17.2%,番茄年耗水量分别降低了12.8%和12.1%(P<0.05),而水分利用效率分别提高了12.7%—40.1%和10.0%—30.3%(P<0.05),肥料偏生产力则分别提高了10.4%—19.6%和14.5%—42.7%(P<0.05).水分的持续稳定供给是负压供液施肥模式实现节水节肥增产保质等效能的重要原因.[结论]基于负压装置的供液模式不仅减少了水肥的投入量,而且能够促进温室番茄生长、确保产量,同时改善了果实品质并大幅度提高了水肥利用效率,可作为日光温室番茄水肥一体化管理的新模式.