一个中欧小国的北极大外交：波兰北极战略的变与不变

摘要

Poland's diplomatic activity in Arctic affairs is more and more active in recent years.The current Polish activity in the Arctic is motivated primarily by scientific interests,nonetheless the change of the geo environment of the Arctic region will inspur the renewing of Poland's foreign policy.In order to redefine and develop Poland's political and economic interests in Arctic,in May 2015,Poland published the national document—“Poland's Policy towards the Arctic:Key Areas and Priority Actions”,which indicates that Po-land has finished its strategical framework to engage in the Arctic governance.Poland's multi-faceted in-volvement in international cooperation in Arctic helps to improve its national security as well as enhance Poland's international status,especially in the EU,NATO and Arctic Council dimensions.Taking advan-tage of its status as a “permanent”observer to the Arctic Council,Poland has carried out fruitful diplomatic activities on different stages of the world by introducing and supporting various initiatives within the Arctic Council and bilateral relations with Arctic and non-Arctic states which is named “Warsaw Format”.This article attempts to comb the shift evolution process in Polish foreign policy towards the Arctic and explain how Poland,as a country without significant economic and /or strategic interests in the Arctic,has become one of the most active actors in the region with the Arctic states.Furthermore,it assesses prospects for Po-land to establish a coherent Polish polar policy.%近年来，波兰的北极外交非常活跃，主要集中在北极科研领域，北极地缘环境的变化必然推动波兰北极外交政策的更新。为进一步明确波兰在北极的经济与政治利益，2015年3月，波兰政府出台了《波兰的北极政策：关键地区与优先行动》，其标志着波兰完成了参与北极治理的战略规划。波兰采取在欧盟、北约、北极理事会框架下进行多边合作的方式参与北极事务，不仅增强了本国安全，同时提升了波兰的国际地位。利用在北极理事会的永久观察员国身份，波兰在不同国际舞台上开展了卓有成效的外交活动，不仅推动北约、欧盟增强在北极事务的存在，而且创造了“华沙模式”———加强北极理事会非北极国家与北极国家之间的双边关系。本文尝试梳理波兰北极政策的演变过程，阐释其在缺乏经济和战略利益的背景下，如何发挥其北极科研领域的优势地位，进而构建连贯性的北极政策。