互花米草湿地对北塘入海口石油污染去除效果研究

摘要

With the rapid development of the petroleum industry an d oil spil occurred frequently in recent years, marine oil pol ution is serious. Oil pol ution from terrestrial sources is an important source of marine oil pollution. In China, oil pol ution from terrestrial sources accounted for more than 80%of the total marine pol utants. Wetland has great ecological and environmental value, and researches found that wetland has the function of purifying oil pollutants. Beitang Estuary in Tianjin Binhai New Area is a major fishery port, and also the main sewage outfal . In recent years, with the increase of oil pol ution from terrestrial sources, water quality in Beitang River is deteriorating. The Beitang Estuary has a large area of natural Spartina alterniflora wetland, which may effectively remove oil pollution. Environmental investigation was carried out on the wharf, channel and coastal zone near Beitang Estuary. The results showed that the eutrophication in Beitang Estuary is serious, and the water quality is inferior to the worse than the fourth class of sea water quality. Inorganic nitrogen, active phosphate and petroleum hydrocarbons are the main pol utants. Reed, Spartina alterniflora and Seepweed were the dominant species in the Beitang Estuary, and petroleum hydrocarbons were detected in the three plants. It showed that the Beitang Estuary was pol uted by petroleum hydrocarbons, and the three kinds of plants have the ability to absorb petroleum hydrocarbons. Survey results showed that, whether in the surface seawater or sediment, the oil content near the wharf was higher than the channel;the petroleum hydrocarbon content in the channel was higher than the coastal zone. The roots, stems and leaves of Spartina alterniflora can intercept oil pollution from terrestrial sources. In addition to absorbing petroleum hydrocarbons, Spartina alterniflora also provides a good habitat for microorganisms,to accelerate microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon. Spartina alterniflora wetland has the obvious effect for reducing terrigenous oil pollutants.%随着石油工业的快速发展，近几年来溢油事故频有发生，海洋石油污染日趋严重。陆源石油污染在海洋石油污染中占很大的比重。在中国，陆源石油污染占海洋石油污染的80%以上。湿地有着生态和环境的双重价值，目前很多研究表明其具有净化石油污染的功能。滨海新区北塘河口是天津重要的渔港，也是主要的排污口。近年来，随着陆源石油污染的增加，北塘河口海水水质日趋恶化。北塘河口生长着大片的互花米草，形成了互花米草湿地，它可以有效地去除石油污染。通过对码头、入海航道和近岸海域的海水和沉积物进行调查，结果表明，北塘河口水质属于劣四类海水水质，无机氮、活性磷酸盐和石油烃是主要的污染物。芦苇、互花米草和碱蓬是北塘河口主要的植物物种，在这三种植物体内均有石油烃检出，表明了北塘河口已受到石油烃污染，并且三种植物具有吸收石油烃的能力。无论是表层海水还是沉积物，石油烃含量的空间分布规律均为码头﹥航道﹥近岸海域。互花米草的根、茎和叶可以拦截陆源石油污染。互花米草在吸收石油烃的同时，还为微生物提供了良好的生境，加速了石油烃的微生物降解，互花米草湿地可以有效地减少陆源石油污染。