清代州县胥吏陋规初探

摘要

Clerks were generated in the Song Dynasty,developed in the Ming Dynasty,and flourished in the Qing Dynasty.Low pension policy of the Qing Dynasty followed the Ming Dynasty,runners and Scribes pay almost weed out the superfluous and unqualified,depleted,Scribes simply weren't paid on the grounds that they had the customary fees of income,clerks as a close contact with the civilian sectors,duing to official acquiescence,Clerks obtain a copy of the customary fees of the more unscrupulous and frequently deserted them,and ruin and death,the humble regulation has become an important tool for State and County Clerks to obtain money,the persecution of the people,numerous humble regulations,but mostly concentrated in three areas:litigation,the collection of money and grain,the collection of commercial tax 、deed tax and so on on%胥吏产生于宋代,发展在明代,兴盛于清代,由于清代沿袭明代的低俸政策,衙役和书吏的薪水几被裁汰,所剩无几,书吏干脆没有薪水,理由是他们有陋规收入,胥吏作为一个与平民密切接触的阶层,由于官府的默许,胥吏索取陋规就更加肆无忌惮,动辄鸡飞狗跳、家破人亡,陋规已经成为州县胥吏获取钱财、迫害老百姓的重要工具,陋规名目繁多,但大多在三方面比较集中：诉讼、征收钱粮、征收商业税和契税等。