日本德川时期私塾概述--以咸宜园与松下村塾为例

摘要

Generally speaking , private academy refers to the educational organizationestablished by indi-viduals in their own intentions .The private academies in Japan could be traced back to ninth century , and they made great progress in Tokugawa period ( 1600-1868 ) .Private academies in Tokugawa , as one extremely significant constituent part of contemporaryeducational system , played diverse roles in different periods .Three most notable features of private academies in Tokugwa are: equality , independence and autonomy .Hirose Tansō(1782-1856)’s Kangien and Yoshida Shōin (1830-1859)’s Sho kaSonjuku,astwo excellent exam-ples of Tokugawa private academies , had evident differences .Tansōin Kangien paid much attention to the ac-ademic performance of students , and utilized the “Gettanhyō” to make strict assessment of students .Yet Tansōcultivated students in accordance with their own potential because he believed that every person had their own missions arranged by the Heaven;while Shōin devoted much timeinSho kaSonjuku to educate disciples in-to political talents , so that there was considerable number of political reformers coming from his academy .To summary,both of these two private academies made great contributions to Japanese education .%一般意义上，私塾是指私人在民间独立设置的一种教育机构。日本的私塾历史肇始于9世纪，在德川时期（1600－1868）取得了重大的进展，成为日本教育一个极为重要的组成部分。私塾在德川时期的不同阶段发挥了不同的作用。它主要的特点是“平等、独立、自主”。广濑淡窗的咸宜园与吉田松阴的松下村塾是德川私塾中的杰出代表。咸宜园注重学业成绩，利用“月旦评”对学生进行严格的考核，坚持因材施教，培养学生成为不同种类的人才；松下村塾着重于培养学生的能力，旨在培养政治人才，所以其门下出现众多的维新志士。总之，两所私塾都为日本教育事业做出过不可磨灭的贡献。