集居养老：乡村社会解构下留守老人的社会重构模式--基于山东Z村集居案例

摘要

The Chinese rural social forms currently are undergoing a deep change. The significant characteristics are the speeding trends of population loss, aging, and empty nest. With the population aging and loss trend’s acceleration, the rural faces the problems of social acquaintances gradual collapsing, left-behind elderly population expanding, and rural culture recession etc. leading to the gradual disintegration of the rural society. How to guarantee the life of the left-behind elderly people under the rural social deconstruction background is a question of reality in the future. Based on the situation, to explore new ways to achieve reconstruction of the rural society is of practical significance and urgency. This paper puts forward the centralized residence mode can be a path for alleviating the predicament of the rural left-behind elderly care. Through qualitative and quantitative analysis methods, the paper caries out the analysis of the elderly kibbutz willingness and its factors in village Z. The significant factor is found and analyzed, and is provided as the basis for the elderly kibbutz policy. Based on the sample survey of village Z, Shandong Province and statistical analysis using Logistic, it is found: 1) local empty nesters who are willing to live together account for 64.3%, and those who are unwilling account for 35.6%, which means the former group is the majority; 2) housing location, public services, loneliness, children's living standards, aging-related diseases can significantly affect the willingness of the empty nesters. Housing location and public services are negatively correlated with the willingness of centralized residence and loneliness, children's living standards, and aging-related diseases are positively correlated with the willingness of centralized residence.%我国农村社会形态目前正发生深度变革，显著化特征表现在人口流失、高龄化、空巢化趋势加速。随着人口流失和老龄化趋势加速，乡村面临熟人社会逐步瓦解、留守老人群体扩大、乡村文化衰退等问题，最终导致了乡村社会逐步瓦解。如何在乡村社会解构的背景下保障处于弱势地位的留守老人生活是日后乡村面临的现实问题。基于此，探寻实现乡村社会重构的方式越发具有现实意义和急迫性。文章提出了以集居养老模式来作为缓解乡村留守老人养老困境的路径，结合定性与定量分析方法，对Z村留守老人集居意愿进行分析，分析影响Z村留守老人迁居意愿的影响因素，找到显著因素加以分析，以此为提出留守老人集居政策提供依据。基于社会对农村日益普及的留守老人集居模式探究存在现实意义与理论意义，本文通过对山东Z村抽样问卷调查，运用Logistic统计分析，得出如下结论：(1)当地愿意集居的留守老人所占比重为64.4%，有35.6%的留守老人不愿集居，愿意集居比例人数占多数。(2)房屋区位、公共服务水平、孤独感、子女生活水平、患有老年疾病等因素对于留守老人集居意愿影响具有显著性，其中房屋区位、公共服务水平呈负相关性，孤独感、子女生活水平、患有老年疾病呈正相关性。