施氮量对中双11号油菜农艺性状、产量品质及氮肥利用率的影响

摘要

【目的】探讨高含油量、耐密抗倒、适于机播机收的油菜新品种中双11号在成都平原的生物学性状表现及配套高产高效栽培技术。【方法】2010-2012年连续两年先后在成都平原的邛崃市和大邑县开展了不同直播密度条件下施氮量对中双11号农艺性状、产量品质及氮肥利用率影响的大田试验。【结果】两年不同直播密度下，株高、分枝部位和单株角果数总体上表现为随施氮量增加而升高。籽粒产量则随施氮量加大呈先增加而后下降的趋势，且在180～360 kgN/hm2范围内产量差异不显著。高密度直播条件下，各施氮处理间的主花序长度和一次分枝数并无显著差异。籽粒含油量（％）随施氮量加大而下降，但在90～180 kgN/hm2范围内可以维持较高的值。随施氮量增加，氮肥农学利用率（AEN）、氮肥偏生产力（PFPN）、氮肥表观利用率（REN）和氮肥生理利用率（PEN）均总体上呈下降趋势，但N180处理的氮肥利用率各指标值都相对较高；在180～450 kgN/hm2范围内各施氮处理间的氮肥贡献率（NCR）均无显著差异，但它们均显著大于N90处理。【结论】在成都平原中等土壤肥力条件下，为适应机播机收，中双11号在高产（≥3000 kg/hm2）栽培措施上应适期早播（9月下旬）、高密度（36×104株/hm2）直播（条播）、合理施氮（180 kg/hm2）。%[Obj ective]The aim of the study was to obtain the biological characteristics and cultiva-tion techniques of high yield and high efficiency of"ZhongShuang 1 1"rapeseed.[Method]Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of N fertilizer on agronomic traits,yield,quality and N use efficiency of"ZhongShuang 1 1"rapeseed under direct-sowing and different densities in the Chengdu plain from 2010 to 2012.[Results]The results showed that plant height,branch height and pods per plant tended to increase with increasing N fertilizer in two years.The yield firstly increased and then decreased with increasing N fertilizer and there was no significant differ-ence in yield when N fertilizer was in the range of 180-360 kgN/hm2 .There was no significant difference in branch number and main inflorescence length among different N treatments (90-360 kgN/hm2 )under the conditions of direct-sowing and high density.Seed oil content decreased with increasing N fertilizer and had higher values during the range of 90-180 kgN/hm2 .With the in-crease of N fertilizer,N agronomic efficiency (AEN),N apparent recovery efficiency (REN),N partial factor productivity (PFPN )and N physiological efficiency (PEN )of"ZhongShuang 1 1"rapeseed showed a decrease trend on the whole but the parameters in N180 treatment had relative-ly high values.As for N fertilizer contribution rate (NCR),no significant differences within the scope of 180-450 kgN/hm2 were observed but the NCR in N90 treatment was significantly lower than that of other N treatments.[Conclusion]Under the soil fertility conditions of Chengdu plain,in order to apply mechanical sowing and harvesting for"ZhongShuang 1 1"rapeseed,high yield (≥3 000 kg/hm2 )cultivation measures may include proper early sowing (in late Septem-ber),high planting density (36×104 plants/hm2 )and reasonable N fertilizer (180 kgN/hm2 ).