The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) swiftly increased from 3.8% to more than 20% during last 10 years, thanks to the advancement of perovskite film growth, device and interface engineering. However, solution-processed perovskites are usually polycrystalline, that is the photoactive films contain substantial structural disorders, such as grain boundaries, interfaces and crystallographic defects. These defects have detrimental impacts on the performance and stability of PSCs.
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