地铁火灾应急疏散路线规划与对策

摘要

为有效控制地铁内灾难发生、避免重大伤亡和损失,预先对地铁火灾进行模拟并制定相应疏散方案是必要的.首先,通过大量地铁案例分析,得出火灾发生概率、类型和部位.其次,对研究对象的数据进行收集,测绘形成图纸,并建立模型.最后,以北京地铁西直门站为例,在确定火灾情景后,利用PyroSim模拟地铁火灾,分析火灾发生时地铁内的环境温度、烟气浓度及可见度等因素对疏散的影响;根据测量所得人员参数,利用Pathfinder模拟疏散情况,分析疏散过程中的时间点、拥挤度和疏散瓶颈等不利因素;在火灾和疏散结果对比和分析中,提出地铁火灾疏散路线的规划及对策,建立多套消防救援方案,分析合理的救援路线,并对地铁内部的应急防控能力提出建议.%In order to control the disasters in the subway effectively, meanwhile to avoid the heavy casualties and losses, it is necessary to simulate the subway fire and develop the relevant evacuation scheme in advance.Firstly, the probability, types and locations of fire were obtained through the analysis on large amount of subway cases.Secondly, the data of research objects were collected and made a survey and draw to form the drawings, then a model was established.Finally, taking Xizhimen station of Beijing subway as example, the subway fire was simulated by using Pyrosim after determining the fire scenarios.The influence of environmental temperature, smoke concentration, visibility and other factors in subway during the fire on the evacuation was analyzed.According to the measured personnel parameters, the evacuation situation was simulated by using Pathfinder, and the unfavorable factors such as point|in|time, congestion degree, evacuation bottleneck and others factors in the evacuation process were analyzed.The planning and countermeasures of emergency evacuation route in subway fire were put forward through the comparison and analysis on the results of fire and evacuation.Multiple sets of fire rescue scheme were proposed, then the reasonable rescue route was analyzed, and some suggestions on the internal emergency prevention and control capacity of subway were put forward.