单人与多人配艇训练的运动技术差异--以国家赛艇队女子双桨运动员测试为例

摘要

采用赛艇实船运动生物力学测试与分析系统，对国家赛艇队11名女子双桨队员进行了递增桨频的运动技术测试，揭示其在单人训练与多人配艇训练中运动技术的差异。研究表明：1)国家赛艇队员在多人配艇训练中低桨频情况下拉桨节奏偏低、高桨频情况下拉桨节奏偏高，不同方式训练时拉桨用力模式差异较大，这在一定程度上反映了训练时运动技术的不稳定性，会很大程度上降低拉桨效率。2)下降系数过高是引起桨角-桨力曲线后弧不饱满的原因之一。3)打滑、空划问题严重是目前国家赛艇队员存在的重要问题。国家赛艇队员要注意抓水训练，解决入水打滑问题；还要注意躯干手臂驱动效率训练，解决出水打滑问题。4)拉桨过深往往会引起桨叶水平分力减小，拉桨效率降低；还会造成桨叶开始出水时的垂直桨角过大，运动员拉桨同时还要压桨出水，使拉桨用力不均，形成二次用力曲线，还易引起出水打滑。可以通过桨叶在深度为-3°至-6°之间的水平拉桨训练解决这一问题。5)国家赛艇队员普遍存在不同桨频情况下躯干和手臂驱动的幅度明显不一致的情况，可以尝试固定腿部，对躯干和手臂进行单纯的拉桨训练解决这一问题。%By using a racing kayak sports biomechanical test and analysis system, the authors run some sports technical tests on 11 twin scull female kayakers of the national kayak team, and revealed their sports technical differences during single kayaker training and multi-kayaker kayak training, and the following findings: 1) during multi-kayaker kayak train-ing, the kayakers’ medium and low frequency scull pulling rhythm was on the low side, while their high frequency scull pulling rhythm was on the high side; there was a big difference in their scull pulling power mode when they were trained in different ways, which, to a certain extent, reflected that their sports technical instability during training would lower their scull pulling efficiency to a great extent; 2) a too high descending coefficient was one of the reasons for the unsmooth rear arc of the rowing power curve; 3) serious slipping or empty rowing is currently a serious problem existing among the kayakers of the national kayak team; they should focus on water catching training in order to solve the problem of sculls slipping during their cutting into the water, as well as torso and arm driving efficiency training in order to solve the problem of sculls slipping during their coming out of the water; 4) too deep scull pulling will usually cause the re-ducing of the sculls’ horizontal component force, the lowering of scull pulling efficiency, also a too big vertical scull angle when the sculls start to come out of the water, hence, as the sculls come out of the water, the kayaker have to press the sculls while pulling them, which makes scull pulling force uneven, forms a second power exerting curve, and tends to cause sculls slipping during their coming out of the water; this problem can be solved by the training of hori-zontal scull pulling at a depth somewhere between -3° and -6°; 5) commonly the kayakers of the national kayak team had the following problem: their torso and arm driving amplitudes were obviously different under different rowing fre-quencies; they can solve this problem by carrying out pure scull pulling training on their torsos and arms.