我国海洋渔业法律制度的困境与破解

摘要

海洋渔业资源的保护和利用涉及多方主体之间的博弈.我国当前的海洋渔业法律制度以政府自上而下确定投入和产出控制指标的管制模式为主,单向度的主体权力使其难以摆脱"政府管制俘虏"、监管措施落实不到位、合规内生动力不足等问题的掣肘.从理论和实践层面看,私益与公共物品的矛盾导致市场与政府都面临着"失灵"的风险,治理模式通过多元主体间的良性互动为破解这种"失灵"提供了方向和路径,有助于实现海洋渔业的可持续发展.应当从明确海洋渔业相关主体的法律地位、完善渔业决策的科学和民主机制、健全基于自行守法和外部强制的分级监督机制等方面构建我国海洋渔业法律制度的治理模式.%The current legal system of marine fishery in China is dominated by the regulatory mode of the governments.But this kind of one-way control cannot avoid the problems such as governments'control, unavailable regulatory measures and insufficient driving force in compliance.From theoretical and practical level,the contradiction between private interest and public goods cause both the market and government to face the risk of failure.The governance mode provides direction and method for solving the failurethrough the sound interaction between the multiple subjects and secure a sustainable development of marine fisher-ies.Itis proposed that weshould try to clarify the legal status of marine fisheries subjects,perfectfisheries decision-making mechanism,and improvethe level-to-level supervision mechanism.