个体自由的式微及追问——兼读阿多诺的《历史与自由》

摘要

与马克思寄希望于一现世的乌托邦不同,阿多诺对集体解放的政治革命表示怀疑。在他那里,个体是最真实的,整体或集体反而常常是一种假象,因而他的研究聚焦在自由与个体之间的关系上。资产阶级的个人,作为总体性的对立面,并不是完全自由的,积极自由的目标是要达到普遍与特殊的利益的统一;而消极自由在这个辩证的总体性中则是一个瞬间。自由是个社会历史范畴,个体不是自觉的,而是被中介和受控制的,因而追寻个体自由也并不是一任性的主观过程,它是一种面向客观性的态度,是认识社会、走向社会的方式。%Unlike Karl Marx who believes in mundane Utopianism,Adorno is suspicious of political revolution of collective liberation.According to Adorno,individuality is most real,while totality or collectivity is usually nothing but an illusion.Accordingly,he focuses his research on the relationship between freedom and individuals.Individuality in a bourgeois society,as the opposite of totality,is not completely free.According to Adorno,the goal of positive freedom is the unification of interests between individuals and groups,while in this dialectical relationship the negative freedom is momentary.Freedom is a social and historical category.Since an individual is not self-conscious,the pursuit of freedom of an individual is mediated and controlled.Therefore this process is not an impulsive process,but an attitude towards objectivity,a way of recognizing society and entering into society.