变异社会语言学语音变项问题说略

摘要

Although the variation study in sociolinguistics has achieved great results in practice, there are still many basic theoretical problems that haven’ t been well solved, such as the conception of variable and variant, which ob-structs us to make use of variation theory in vocabulary, syntax and discourse.This paper argues that the study of special phonetic variable should aim at abstract phonetic system, and the difference between different variants in syllable and phoneme variable are to be seen in the alteration of distinctive function and realization access.Basical-ly speaking, the last analysis is the distinctive feature in phonetics.%语音变异研究是变异社会语言学的重心，语音变异的理论探讨和实证研究是变异分析向词汇、句法、话语等层面推进的关键。国内关于语音变异的实证研究成果大致可以分为两类：“鼻韵尾变异研究”和“声韵调变异研究”。前者着力于对字词话语实现特征的考察，是特征本位研究；后者关注方音向普通话的靠拢趋向，以音节异读为考察基点。从类型上看，二者都是以音类为单位的离散式音变，其变异过程都要通过语素（词）的参差渐变来实现。对变异情况的考察，往往都是从实体音节变异入手，然后向概念音节变异转移。在这一分析过程中，界定变项的“结构—语义”标准发挥着相对有限的制约作用。