虚假意识：《德意志意识形态》中马克思意识形态概念的使用

摘要

Giving German Ideology as a classical text , Marx’ s concept of ideology made his first-time show in histo-ry, in which he mainly outlines three kinds of usage on ideology:false ideas system , ideological system of the rul-ing class and class-consciousness from the revolutionary class .As an ideology ,‘false ideas system ’ established the theoretical foundation and logical starting point for the other two ideological concepts .Therefore ,‘false conscious-ness’, not only refers to “ignorance” to physical reality, but also demonstrates the “magic hands” in distorting historical facts , which has become the bull of Marx ’ s theories on criticizing ideology in German Ideology .Marx i-dentifies ‘false consciousness ’ as the ideology , which is off reality , thus taking up arms in the dimension of reality and treating philosophy as the fire point to expose and change the real world of Germany .These “discoveries” in the text constitute necessary links of Marx ’ s theory on ideology and also an important part of Marx ’ s Historical Ma-terialism.%以《德意志意识形态》为经典文本，马克思意识形态概念的首张脸谱进入历史。在这个文本中，马克思主要勾勒了意识形态的三种使用，即虚假的观念体系、统治阶级的思想体系以及革命阶级的阶级意识。而作为虚假的观念体系的意识形态又是讨论后两种意识形态概念使用的理论基调和逻辑起点。因此，作为“虚假意识”的意识形态便构成了《德意志意识形态》中马克思意识形态批判的主要靶心，这种“虚假意识”既指对物质现实的“无知”，又是歪曲历史事实的“魔术手”。把意识形态作为脱离现实世界的“虚假意识”，从而在现实维度中抄起武器并以哲学为火力点来力图揭露和改变德意志的现实世界。文本中的这些“发现”构成了马克思意识形态理论的必要环节，同时也是马克思唯物史观的重要组成部分。