真菌与植物共生机制研究进展

摘要

真菌与植物共生是一种非常普遍、复杂和重要的生物学现象.真菌与植物共生部位、共生类型和共生结构的多样性,以及参入共生的真菌和植物多样性奠定真菌与植物共生的生物学基础.真菌与植物首先通过分子“对话”的生化机制相互识别构建共生体,进而由真菌和植物双方生理机制调控共生体发育及其生理功能,以构建稳定有效的共生体.真菌与植物的空间、营养和功能生态位很多是相近的,双方均面临相同的生态选择压力,需要共同抵抗不良生境,以适应更多环境.因此,真菌和植物通过两者共生的生态学机制增强植物抗逆性,减轻有害生物危害,提高其竞争力和生境的适应能力.真菌和植物长期的协同演化过程中,种群间的基因交流及其差异导致不同的基因组合,奠定了共生体多样化的基础与资源.此遗传学机制形成的多种遗传组合的共生体不仅使真菌和植物在各环境压力下共存,还可以不断进化发展.真菌和植物共生研究方面已形成较为完善的体系,加强真菌与植物共生理论的研究,特别是该类共生体遗传背景、基因与环境互作效应及其机制的阐明,将有助于诠释真菌与植物共生的生物学机制.%Symbiosis between fungi and plants is a very common,complex and important biological phenomenon.Diversities of the symbiotic site,the symbiotic type and the symbiotic structure,the diversities of fungus and plant involved in symbiosis laid the biological basis of symbiosis between fungi and plants.Firstly fungi and plants construct symbiosis through molecular " dialogue" in biochemical mechanism to recognize mutually,and then by physiological mechanisms coordination in the forming symbiont with fungi and plants to regulate symbiont construction and its physiological functions,in order to build a stable and effective symbiont.Lots of living space,nutritional and functional niche of both fungi and plants are similar,they confront the same ecological selection pressure,need to resist environment stress,so as to adapt to more environments.Therefore,through the mechanism of ecology to enhance resistance,to reduce the harm of harmful organisms,to improve fungus and plant abilities in competitiveness and habitat adaptation.During a long-term synergy evolution,gene swap between the population and their differences,conduce different gene combinations and settle the symbiont diversities and resources.It is the opportune genetic mechanisms that form the symbiont of various genetic combinations of fungi and plants not only could coexist under different environment pressure,but also could constantly evolve and develop.The conclusion believes that a relatively perfect system in the study on symbiosis between fungi and plants has appeared.It should be conducive to interpretation of the biologic mechanisms of symbiosis between fungi and plants to strengthen the theoretical study on the symbiosis,especially the enunciation of genetic background of svmbiont,and interaction effects between genes and environments.