模糊环境下考虑缺货和延期支付的Stackelberg均衡策略

摘要

The intensifying market competition is pressuring buying companies to delay the payment schedule for selling companies.The delayed payment can help the buying company earn buffer time to survive economic downturns. In addition, market demand is related to product price. Companies are facing challenges of coping with price-sensitivity of market demand by using price elasticity indices. Investigating market demand using the fuzzy price elasticity index appears to be a more realistic approach.In the first part, we established the retailer's optimal pricing decision model without considering delayed payment. This model asserts that a retailer should employ a periodical review using LR-type fuzzy price elasticity index. We transformed a retailer's optimal pricing decision model into a deterministic model via the defuzziness method of signed distance. We developed a genetic algorithm to determine a retailer's optimal retail price and optimal profit. In the second part, we constructed a profit model for retailer and manufacturer by considering that manufacturer allows delay in payment for its retailers. We transformed the profit model into a deterministic model using the defuzziness method of signed distance. Based on the model, we formulated a bi-level programming model to determine a manufacturer's optimal credit period and a retailer's optimal retail price. The manufacturer is a leader and the retailer is a follower in the formulated model.To obtain a manufacturer's optimal credit period and a retailer's optimal retail price, we developed a genetic algorithm using the Stackelbery game. Our numerical testing results showed that when a manufacturer offers trade credits to its retailers, the product price charged by retailers will decrease, the profits of manufacturer and retailer will increase, and supply chain coordination will be achieved. The lower degree of product demand uncertainty caused by changes to the upper bound of the fuzzy price elasticity index,the longer length of credit extension the manufacturer can offer to its retailers and the higher profit both retailer and manufacturer can increase.%在具有价格弹性需求的两层供应链系统中,考虑到价格弹性指数的模糊性和供应链延期支付策略,建立了含缺货的制造商-零售商协调模型.运用符号距离反模糊化方法将其转化为确定模型.基于遗传算法,设计了其求解方法,获得了制造商最优信用期和零售商最优零售价.数值结果表明:模糊环境下的延期支付策略降低了产品的市场零售价,同时增加了供应链中各成员的利润,因此实现了供应链协调.进一步分析显示当模糊价格弹性指数的上(下)界变化反映出的不确定性减弱时,制造商提供更长的信用期,且制造商和零售商的利润均增加(减少).