北京北海公园鸟类多样性季节变化

摘要

为了解城市公园生物多样性变化特点,于2010年5月-2011年4月在北京北海公园进行鸟类群落调查,每月进行3～4次调查,记录鸟类物种和数量,结合北海公园的自然环境,对鸟类群落结构及其季节变化进行分析.共记录到鸟类42种,隶属于10目22科.其中夏候鸟11种,冬候鸟2种,旅鸟14种,留鸟18种；国家二级保护动物2种,北京市一级保护动物6种,北京市二级保护动物17种.园内鸟类的物种数和数量有季节性差异,鸟类物种数春秋季最高,鸟类数量冬季最多.对3种生境鸟类群落的多样性及均匀性进行了分析,其中树林区鸟类多样性指数最高,为1.3265,景点区鸟类多样性指数最低,为0.4973,鸟类均匀度指数景点区最高,为0.997 6,树林区最低,为0.6355.园内优势种有麻雀Passer montanus、喜鹊Pica pica、灰喜鹊Cyanopica cyana、灰椋鸟Sturnus cineraceus、白头鹎Pycnonotus sinensis大嘴乌鸦Corous macrorh ynchos等.%To understand city biodiversity and its impact factors, the bird species were surveyed at the Beihai Park in Beijing during May 2010 to April 2011.3 or 4 surveys were conducted every month and the bird community structure and seasonal changes were analyzed.A total of 42 species of birds belonging to 10 orders and 22 families were recorded.There were 11 species of summer breeders, 2 winter visitors and 14 species migrant birds, and the remaining 18 species were residents.There were 2 birds under the national protection level II , 6 species under the protection level I of Beijing, and 17 species under the protection level II of Beijing.The species diversity and total number of birds varied with the seasons, the species diversity was in the highest in spring and autumn, but the greatest number of birds occurred in winter.The diversity index and evenness index of bird community were calculated in three habitats.The diversity index in the woods was the highest of 1.326 5 and in the scenery area it was 0.497 3 of the lowest.The species evenness index in the scenery area was 0.997 6 which was the highest and in the woods it was 0.635 5 which was the lowest.Dominant species were Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus), common magpie (Pica pica) and Azure-winged magpie(Cyanopica cyana ), starlings(Sturnus cineraceus), Chinese bulbul(Pycnonotus sinensis) , and carrion crow(Corvus macrorhynchos).