植物油脂脱色技术研究进展

摘要

Vegetable oils are the most widely used edible oils.But the pigments in the oils will not only make the color of oils darker to affect their appearance,but also cause some harm to the quality of refined oils and reduce the storage stability of the oils.Bleaching is one of the main procedures in the refining process of vegetable oils,which is also one of the important procedures to ensure the quality of vegetable oils.Currently,adsorption decolorization is the most commonly used bleaching method in the oil processing enterprises.The present study was to overview of the three main sources of pigment in vegetable oils and the effects of pigments on the safety and oxidative stability of oils were also summarized.By combining the production practice,the process and mechanism of adsorption decolorization of vegetable oils under two different temperatures were discussed,respectively.The factors affecting the decolorization effect of vegetable oils were expounded,such as the types of adsorbents including some new adsorption material,adsorbent dosage,oil type and oil quality,bleaching time and bleaching temperature.The research progress and mechanism of some new bleaching technologies,such as membrane decolorization,ultrasonic assisted decolorization,light energy decoloration,chemical decolorization and enzymatic decolorization,were summarized.And some of the refining operations which have assist effect on the decolorization were explained.Meanwhile,the assessing methods of the bleaching effect of vegetable oils with differentcolorswere described.Finally,the current situation of decolorization technology and equipments in the bleaching industry and the problems that need to be solved in oil bleaching were considered and forecasted.%植物油脂是当今应用最广泛、使用最多的食用油脂,而油脂中的色素不仅会使植物油的颜色加深,影响其外观,还会对成品油的最终品质造成一定的危害,降低油脂的贮藏稳定性.脱色是植物油脂精炼加工的主要环节之一,也是保证植物油脂品质的重要操作工序之一,而吸附脱色是当前油脂企业加工中最常用的油脂脱色方法.概述了植物油脂中色素来源的3个主要方面以及油脂中色素的存在对油脂的安全性和氧化稳定性的影响.通过与工业生产实践相结合,分别论述了植物油脂在高、低两种不同的温度条件下进行吸附脱色的过程和吸附脱色的机理,并对影响植物油脂吸附脱色效果的因素,如吸附剂的种类(包括一些新型的吸附材料)和吸附剂的添加量、油脂的种类和油脂的品质、脱色的时间以及脱色的温度等进行了阐述.针对目前正在研究的一些新型的油脂脱色技术,如膜脱色法、超声波辅助脱色法、光能脱色法、化学脱色法、酶脱色法等的脱色原理及研究进展进行了较为全面的综述,并且对植物油脂加工过程中有辅助脱色作用的其他精炼工序进行了总结.同时,简述了不同颜色的植物油脂脱色效果的评定方法.最后,对目前油脂工业中的脱色技术和脱色操作装置的现状以及在脱色过程中所需要解决的问题进行了思考和展望.