19世纪的经济发展以自由放任主义为理念，传统契约理论便在这样的背景下产生了。当时的契约理论主张完全的意思自治，契约即合意。到了20世纪，随着国家对社会福利的日益重视和契约公正理念的提出，契约完全自由受到了限制。在反垄断法领域，垄断协议这种特殊的契约被纳入了法律规制的范畴。这一趋势不同于传统契约理论的是：对垄断协议的规制是基于法定义务的预设而非遵从当事人的约定义务；除关注传统契约构成要件外，更注重“效果要件”。%The traditional contract theory emerged in 19c when Laissez-fair policy and the principle of autonomy of will were widespread. At that time, contract is a consensus. However, as governments paid more attention to social welfare and the fairness of contract in 20c, the complete freedom of contract was restricted. As a result, a special type of contract named monopoly agreement was initially regulated by laws, which was a breakthrough of traditional contract theory. Based on the legal obligation rather than the contractual obligation, it emphasizes the element of effect except for normal requirements.
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