河南省周口小麦遗传育种现状及发展趋势

摘要

为了给小麦遗传育种工作提供理论和经验借鉴,总结了周口市农业科学院小麦育种团队2010年以来的科研成果及育种经验：(1)育成了11个小麦新品种(系),其中3个通过国家审定,3个通过河南省审定,4个正在参加国家和省级试验。育成的新品种(系)平均产量8073.0 kg / hm2,较对照周麦18号增产6.80%,最高产量潜力12000 kg / hm2；平均株高75.4 cm,抗倒性较好,抗寒,抗条锈、叶锈病和白粉病,感纹枯病和赤霉病,落黄好；63.6%的新品种(系)携带高分子麦谷蛋白亚基1、7+8,平均蛋白质含量15.46%,湿面筋含量32.4%,沉降值47.2 mL,稳定时间10.0 min,多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性降低,周麦系列品种的品质得以明显改善。(2)采取常规育种+有限回交+分子标记+品质和抗病性鉴定+就地加代技术,把高产矮秆周麦育种材料与国内外优异的人工合成六倍体小麦、7Ag·7DL 易位系、7OE优质亚基、对条锈病和白粉病表现慢病性的小麦材料进行杂交组配,创制出在产量、品质、抗性等方面有所突破的优异种质资源10份。并针对周麦系列品种目前存在的遗传基础狭窄、感纹枯和赤霉病、资源高效利用研究薄弱等问题,提出周麦系列育种工作重点应在创制新种质的基础上,通过完善常规育种+分子标记+品质测定+就地加代技术+ DH技术+抗病性鉴定等育种体系,选育出高产、稳产、广适、抗倒、抗寒、抗病、耐旱、优质、适合机械化收获的小麦新品种,为中原经济区建设和国家粮食安全提供品种支撑。%In order to provide the reference of both theory and experience for genetic breeding of wheat, this paper reviewed the research work of wheat breeding by Zhoukou Academy of Agricultural Sciences from 2010 to the present. Main results were as follows:(1) 11 wheat varieties( lines) were bred by Zhoukou Academy of Agricultural Sciences successively,of which three were authorized by National Crop Variety Examination and Approving Committee and three by Henan Crop variety Certification Committee, while ano-ther four are being tested in the National or Henan Crop Variety Examination. The average yield of new wheat cultivars(lines) was 8 073. 0 kg / ha,increasing by 6. 80% in comparison with Zhoumai 18. The highest yield was 12 000 kg / ha. The average plant height was 75. 4 cm. All the varieties had good re-sistance to lodging,coldness,stripe rust,leaf rust and powdery mildew,but were susceptible to sheath blight and wheat head blight,with good mature appearance. 63. 6% of the new varieties(lines) carried the high molecular weight glutenin subunits 1 and 7 + 8,with the average protein content of 15. 46% ,the gluten content of 32. 4% ,the sedimentation of 47. 2 mL,the stable time of 10. 0 min and low PPO activi-ty,indicating that the quality of Zhoumai cultivars has be substantially improved. (2) The conventional breeding selection + limited backcross + molecular detection + indoor quality identification + in situ gener-ation adding technology were used. 10 excellent germplasms with high yield potential,good quality and good resistance were created by crossing the high-yield and dwarf breeding materials of Zhoumai with the excellent wheat breeding materials from both china and abroad,such as the synthetic hexaploid,7Ag· 7DL translocation,high quality Subunits 7OE ,slow mildew or rust resistance,etc. In view of the problems found in Zhoumai like narrow genetic basis,infected sheath blight and wheat head blight,and weakness in efficient utilization of resources,the emphasis of Zhoumai breeding in the future should put on improving the conventional breeding method by combining molecular marker,quality analysis,in situ add generation technology,double haploid technology and disease resistance evaluation,and selecting the new wheat vari-eties with high and stable yield, wide fitness, lodging resistance, cold resistance, disease resistance, drought resistance,high quality,suitability for mechanized harvesting,on the basis of distant hybridization to create new germplasms.