脂溶性贝类毒素安全评价与检测技术研究进展

摘要

2004年,由联合国粮农组织、世界卫生组织和政府间海洋委员会共同组建的双壳软体生物毒素工作组根据贝类毒素的基本结构将其分为8类(组).其中,大田软海绵酸类毒素(okadaic acid, OA)、原多甲酸毒素(azaspiracid, AZA)、环亚胺类毒素(cyclic imine, CI)、短裸甲藻毒素(brevetoxin, BTX)、蛤毒素(pectenotoxin, PTX)、虾夷扇贝毒素(yessotoxin, YTX)均属于脂溶性贝类毒素(lipophilic phycotoxins, LPs),这6大类毒素均为聚醚类物质,在贝类中富集的时间较长,目前已成为欧盟调整检测方法、最高残留限量等法律法规的主要目标.LPs 的主要成分在中国均已被发现,这不仅意味着中国贝类消费存在巨大的潜在风险,外贸出口还将面临新的技术和贸易壁垒.本文就 LPs的化学性质、污染分布、毒理学评价、检测方法、限量标准、监控预警技术和政策法规等国际最新研究进展等逐一进行归纳与总结,并对我国在 LPs 方面的科研举措进行展望,旨在为我国制定相关政策措施提供科学依据.%The Joint FAO/IOC/WHO ad hoc expert consultation held in 2004 classified the phycotoxins into eight groups based on their chemical structure. Of these, six groups, namely the okadaic acid (OA), azaspiracid (AZA), cyclic imine (CI), brevetoxin (BTX), pecenotoxin (PTX) and yessotoxin (YTX) groups, are termed lipophilic phycotoxins (LPs) because of similarities in the structure of their lipid-soluble cyclic polyether compounds. LPs accumulate in shellfish and persist longer than other phycotoxins. In the European Union, much attention is being paid to legislation with an emphasis on the detection method, maximum residue limit and basic assessment. Al-most all LPs have been identified in Chinese shellfish, which will surely bring challenges to the human health and trade barrier. In the present paper, we reviewed recent studies on the chemical characteristics, origin, toxicity, detection methods, supervision and legislation of LPs, to provide a reference for our country to carry out research and formulate measures.