低盐碱池塘养殖雅罗鱼及其杂交种肌肉营养成分分析

摘要

本研究旨在为池养雅罗鱼肌肉营养成分的评定和规模化配合饲料的配制提供基础数据.选取达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼(Leuciscus waleckii,简称DL)、松花江瓦氏雅罗鱼(L.waleckii,简称SHJ)、高体雅罗鱼(L.idus,简称GT)以及种内杂交种(达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼♀×松花江瓦氏雅罗鱼♂,简称DS)和种间杂交种(达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼♀×高体雅罗鱼♂,简称DG)各15尾,每种鱼等量分成3组,测定其背部肌肉的一般营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量.结果显示:1)除水分含量无明显差异外,5种养殖雅罗鱼的灰分、粗蛋白和粗脂肪的含量均出现明显差异(P<0.05).其中DS杂交的灰分(1.77%)含量显著高于其他4种雅罗鱼(1.16%~1.22%),粗脂肪含量(7.23%)显著高于其双亲组合(DL 4.31%,SHJ 4.22%)及含量最低的DG杂交(3.32%),表现出超亲的杂种优势;5种养殖雅罗鱼具有较高的蛋白质含量(17.05%~18.80%),其中DG和DL的蛋白质含量明显高于其他3种养殖群体(P<0.05),显示出较强的杂种优势;2)5种雅罗鱼肌肉中均测定出18种氨基酸,氨基酸总量(TAA)介于73.058%~79.289%,DG和DL的TAA含量、AAS、CS及EAAI指数均高于其他3种雅罗鱼,与其粗蛋白的测定结果相符,表明母本DL将其高蛋白的遗传特性很好地遗传给了子代,进一步证明了杂种优势;3)5种雅罗鱼肌肉中均检测到23种脂肪酸,饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量分别为15.03%~19.06%、49.15%~53.92%和27.54%~29.40%,PUFA/SFA比值介于1.53~1.83;SFA和PUFA含量较高的是GT和DL,而MUFA含量较高的是DG和DS两个杂交种.综上所述,5种盐碱池塘养殖雅罗鱼的肌肉营养成分较均衡,属优质蛋白质;杂交选育可以有效改善杂交种的肌肉营养品质,获得的高脂高蛋白的DS杂交和低脂高蛋白的DG杂交可以满足不同的市场需求.%This study was conducted to provide basic information for a comprehensive evaluation of nutritional components in the muscle tissues of five cultured Leuciscusfish species and to guide commercial-scale manufac-turing of fish feed. Four-year-old Leuciscus, including offspring ofL. waleckii originally from Dali Lake (DL) and Songhuajiang River progeny (SHJ),L. idus from the Ertix River (GT), and two hybrids, such as hybrids DS (DL♀×SHJ♂) and DG (DL♀×GT♂), were held in a low saline-alkaline pond. Fifteen fish from each genetic group were divided into three replicates, and their nutrient components and muscle amino acid and fatty acid contents were measured and analyzed. The results showed significant differences in ash, crude protein, and crude fat con-tents among the five genetic groups except that of water (P<0.05). Ash content (1.77%) was significantly higher in DS than that in the other four genetic groups (1.16%–1.22%), and crude fat content (7.23%) was significantly higher than that of DL (4.31%), SHJ (4.22%), and the hybrid DG (3.32%). Eighteen amino acids were detected in the five genetic groups, and total amino acid contents were 73.06%–79.29%.The total amino acid components were significantly higher in DG and DL than those in the other three species (P<0.05). In addition, the DG and DL groups had higher amino acid, chemical, and essential amino acid index scores than those of the others, which coincided with the higher crude protein content in DL, indicating that the higher crude protein in DG was inherited from DL, and was evidence of hybrid vigor. Twenty-three fatty acids were detected in the five genetic groups, and the saturated fatty acid (SFA), mono-unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) con-tents were 15.03%–19.06%, 49.15%–53.92%, and 27.54%–29.40%, respectively. The PUFA to SFA ratio was 1.53–1.83. GT and DL had relatively higher SFA and PUFA contents, and the DG and DS hybrids had higher MUFA contents. Taken together, the five cultured genetic groups had balanced nutrient components in muscle and could be excellent protein sources for human consumption. Nutrient quality was improved effectively through hybridization; thus, satisfying market requirements with higher lipid and protein contents from DS and lower lipid but higher protein contents from DG.