粮食作物对高温干旱胁迫的响应及其阈值研究进展与展望

摘要

以大气温度升高和降水波动为主要标志的气候变暖对农业生产产生了重要影响，农作物生长发育、形态建成、生理生化过程等对气温、水分变化的响应特征、机理与后果等的研究，对揭示气候变化对农作物的影响及其机制具有重要作用，是制定适应对策的重要前提之一。本文分别回顾了国内外水稻、小麦、玉米等主要粮食作物生长、发育、生理生态因子、产量、水分利用效率等对高温、水分亏缺的反应以及对二者的协同响应，评述了高温和干旱缺水影响过程中作物的阈值反应及其临界值，讨论了当前高温干旱对作物影响研究中存在的问题。在此基础上，提出了今后应着重加强研究的关键科学问题：（1）干旱／湿润条件下的温度、水分阈值，以及多因子协同胁迫下作物的忍耐极限；（2）胁迫程度、时期、历时与作物自身生理生化过程的关系，以及细胞和分子水平上的响应机制；（3）作物对适度干旱的补偿效应在高温下是被削减还是增加，需要进一步研究和探索。%In recent years,climate change with the main indicator of air temperature increasing and precipitation fluctuations had an im-portant impact on agricultural production.Researches about the responses of crop growth,morphogenesis,physiological and biochemi-cal process to temperature increase and water decrease are not only play an important role in revealing mechanism about impact of cli-mate change on crops,but also an important prerequisite of making counter measures.In this paper,the effects of temperature increase and water decrease and their combined influence on the development,physiological ecology and yields of main grain crops like rice, wheat and maize etc at home and abroad in recent years were reviewed,and their change process,thresholds and the consequences from change of temperature and water were discussed.At the same time,some current problems in these studies were also found.In addition,based on the hot study issues about influence and their thresholds of warmer temperature and water stress on crops at present, some key scientific problems were proposed in the future study,including:the thresholds of temperature and water under drought/wet conditions,and the endurance limit of crops under multi-factors collaborative stress;the relationships between stress level,time,du-ration and crop physiological,biochemical processes,as well as the cellular and molecular level response mechanism;the compensa-tion effect of crops to moderate drought at higher temperature.