皖南山区冷浸田水稻养分管理现状、问题与对策

摘要

针对皖南山区冷浸田农户水稻养分管理中存在的主要问题,合理调控该区氮肥用量,合理调配磷钾等养分的施用,达到提高作物产量和肥料利用率的目的.通过农户调查的方法研究皖南山区冷浸田水稻养分管理现状与存在的主要问题,根据冷浸田特征和水稻养分吸收规律调控养分,研制冷浸田专用配方肥,并通过示范试验.调查结果表明,农户间施肥量差异大,过量与不足现象并存;养分施用不平衡、偏施氮肥的现象比较普遍;氮肥施用时期不合理,与水稻生长发育需求不同步;没有考虑环境养分供应与水稻养分动态需求特征.研制的专用配方肥能提高作物的产量.示范试验结果表明,冷浸田水稻专用肥处理均获得了最高产量,比农民习惯增产23.08%~32.39%,有很稳定的增产效果;增施白云石比水稻专用肥产量增加8.95%.皖南山区冷浸田水稻养分管理不合理是限制水稻产量提高的主要原因.合理调控冷浸田氮肥用量和氮肥的运筹方式,调配其他养分的施用,可以明显提高水稻产量.%Aimed at the main problems in farmers'rice nutrient management in cold water paddy field in southern mountainous area in Anhui, the authors carried out the study on increasing crop yield and fertilizer utilization rate through reasonable regulation of nitrogen fertilizer and rational application of phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients. The status of rice nutrient management and the main problems in cold water paddy field were studied by using the method of household survey. The nutrients were regulated according to the cold water paddy field characteristics and rice nutrient absorption law. A special formula fertilizer for cold water paddy field was developed and proved by the demonstration experiment. The survey results showed that the difference of fertilization was obvious among farmers, and the excess and deficiency of fertilizer application coexisted at the same time. The unbalanced nutrient application and the highlight of nitrogen fertilizer application were common phenomena in the region. The nitrogen fertilizer application time was not reasonable and out of sync with rice growth and development. There was no comprehensive consideration of the environmental nutrient supply and rice nutrient dynamic demand characteristics. The special formula fertilizer could increase the crop yield. According to the demonstration experiment results, the cold water paddy field had the highest rice yield under the special formula fertilizer treatment, increased by 23.08%-32.39% in comparing with that under farmers'habit of production, the yield increasing effect was stable. The increasing application of dolomite could increase rice yield by 8.95% in comparing with that under the special formula fertilizer treatment. Unreasonable rice nutrient management was the main reason for limiting rice yield increase in cold water paddy field in southern mountainous area in Anhui. Reasonable fertilization and management of nitrogen with rational application of other nutrients could significantly improve the rice yield.