交通运输业经济特性分析及发展政策思考

摘要

交通运输基础设施的建设具有正外部性,与此同时运输服务却具有负外部性,且两者相比较而言,外部不经济更加明显。由于社会总福利最大化的前提条件是社会边际成本与社会边际收益相等,因此文章基于广义费用构建了交通运输社会成本模型,对不同交通方式的经济特性进行了分析和比较,并从社会福利最大化的视角,根据产业经济学原理和公共产品理论,阐述了交通运输外部成本内部化的必要性及相关理论,最后以此为基础,提出了交通发展的相应政策导向,使交通资源的配置基本达到帕累托最优状态。%The construction of transportation infrastructure exhibits positive externality.Compared with the construction of transportation infrastructure,transportation service exhibits negative externality and its external diseconomy is sharply presented.In the mean time,the premise requirement of the maximization of overall social welfare is that marginal social cost is equal to marginal social benefit.Taking these preconditions into consideration,this paper establishes social cost model of transportation based on the generalized costs.This paper also analyzes the economic characteristics of various kinds of transportations and compares them with each other.On the basis of the principles of industrial economics and public goods theory,this paper explains the necessities and relevant theories of internalization of external costs of transportation in details from the perspective of the maximization of social welfare.Based on the above analysis,the paper presents the relevant policy orientation of the development of transportation so that Pareto Optimality is achieved in the transportation resource allocation.