两岸养老政策的比较分析--以台湾与福建省为例

摘要

两岸现今都面临着老龄人口迅速增加，养老压力日益增大的问题。台湾省与福建省有着相似的社会文化传统。本研究数据来源于台湾2000-2015年度关于老年人生活条件及相关问题研究调查，福建统计年鉴以及 CLHLS （Chinese Longitudinal Health Longevity Study，2009-2015)，运用了文献研究法和比较分析法，本研究发现：第一，台湾老年人口比例略高于福建，然而台湾的抚养比率显著高于福建。第二，虽然台湾和福建有着相似的老年人供养模式，但是两地现阶段的养老政策不同，养老政策的不同体现在台湾于1995年 3 月 1 日实行全民健保制度，福建省现在实行的是针对事业单位和国有企业职工的城镇职工医疗保险制度，以及城镇居民为保障对象的城镇居民医疗保险和新型农村合作医疗制度。此外，台湾政府正在筹划长期照护计划（LTC）。相比之下，福建省在长期照护领域仍是空白的。第三，持续增长的卫生支出和无法满足的卫生人力资源需求是台湾养老政策面临的最主要问题，福建在这一方面也面临相似困境。本研究提示海峡两岸具有人缘、地缘等优势在面对人口老龄化问题上可以展开多方位理论和实践合作，在养老政策上可以相互借鉴。%Mainland and Taiwan have a common problem in that there is a rapid increase in aging population,and increasing elderly care pressure right now. Fujian Province and Taiwan have the similar socio-culture tradition. Meanwhile, Fujian and Taiwan have a common problem in that there is a rapid increase in aging population right now. This study used the data of the Ministry of Interior Survey for the Living Conditions of Elderly People and other related studies in Taiwan since 2000 to 2015, and Fujian Statistics Yearbook, as well as the 5rd waves (2009-2015) of the CLHLS (Chinese Longitudinal Health Longevity Study). Comparison Analyses were calculated when comparing the related index between Taiwan and Fujian. Also Secondary Analysis was used during calculating the elderly with disabilities among CLHLS data. As a results: 1) The proportion of the aging population in Taiwan is a little bit higher than Fujian but the dependency ratio in Taiwan is obviously higher than Fujian. 2) Although, Similar supporting way for the elderly at home in Taiwan and Fujian, policies towards aging population are different at present in Taiwan and Fujian. Taiwan implemented its National Health Insurance (NHI), also, in response to the increasing aging population, Taiwan is launching its long-term care (LTC) insurance system at present. In Fujian, there are Basic Medical Care System for employees and Basic Medical Insurance System of urban citizen, and the New Rural Cooperative Medical Care System for the rural residents. Regarding the LTC Insurance Program, Fujian province is still in the blank. 3) Increasing expenditures as well as unmet needs of health human resource have become the vital problem in Taiwan's health policy. This research suggests that Taiwan and Fujian should cooperate more at the field of aging problem in the future.