德国能源转型的经验、挑战及其启示

摘要

Developing the renewable energy is a popular option for all countries to deal with the climate change and energy supply safety. In recent years, Germany has made remarkable achievements in energy transformation by establishing highly flexible power system, deeply integrating power industry with heating system, and greatly improving the energy efifciency. At the same time, it also faces many challenges such as high cost, incommensurate market system, and inconsonant policy. China is diversifying its coal-based energy mix. Using the experiences and challenges of Germany for reference, China should fully consider the social bearing capacity when developing renewable energy, strengthen the system design to improve power system lfexibility, and set up the capacity market besides the energy market in the future to ensure the safe operation of power system.%大力发展可再生能源，是世界各国应对气候变化、提高能源供应安全的共同选择。近年来，德国通过建设高度灵活的电力系统、推动电力与热力行业的深度融合、大力提高能效等方式，向低碳能源结构的转型取得了显著的成效。与此同时，德国能源转型也面临着成本高昂、市场体制机制不适应、整体政策不协调等挑战。我国正在实施从以煤为主到多元发展的能源结构调整，借鉴德国的经验和教训，在大力发展可再生能源过程中，应充分考虑社会承受能力，处理好清洁、经济、可靠三者的关系；加强制度设计，提升电力系统灵活性；在未来电力市场建设中，在保存能源市场的同时增添容量市场，为保证电力系统安全稳定运行提供必要的支撑服务。