人为因素导致的地面沉降

摘要

天然气、石油、地下水、地热热水和卤水等流体运移出地下储存地层时,地层耗尽了流体而产生压缩变形,这些变形传递到地表表面就形成了人为的地面沉降.在本文中:(1)列举了世界上主要的地面沉降区域;(2)论述了引发地面沉降的力学机制,这些可以量测的地面沉降发生在地下含水层体系、天然气气田和石油油田之上;(3)描述了目前可以用于地面沉降测量和岩石变形原位测试的技术手段;(4)简要介绍了几个地面沉降预测的数值模型;(5)说明了用于控制地面沉降发展和减轻相关环境影响的几种防治措施.%Fluid removal from subsurface reservoirs, in the form of gas, oil, groundwater, geothermal water, and brine, produces a compaction of the depleted formations which migrates totally or partially to the ground surface thus inducing anthropogenic land subsidence. The paper presents: (1) a list of the major subsiding areas worldwide, (2) a review of the mechanism which causes a measurable settlement above aquifer systems and gas/oil fields, (3) a description of the currently available techniques to measure land subsidence and in situ rock compaction, (4) a brief description of some mathematical models to predict the magnitude of subsidence, and (5) a description of a few remedial options that are available to control the events and mitigate the related environmental impact.