Expanded graphite confined SnO_(2) as anode for lithium ion batteries with low average working potential and enhanced rate capability

摘要

1. Introduction As the state-of-the-art power resources, lithium ion batteries(LIBs) have dominated the market of smart and portable electronic devices over the past several decades. At present, LIBs have been considered as one of the leading technologies for electric vehicles(EVs) and stationary energy storage systems(ESSs) [1,2]. In order to meet the high demands arising from large-scale applications of EVs and ESSs, the development of LIBs with high energy densities, long cycle life and safe operating environment becomes critically important.