骨组织工程支架材料在骨缺损修复及3D打印技术中的应用

摘要

背景:骨组织工程在骨缺损修复方面起着非常重要的作用,可呈递生物活性物质,促进骨组织生长,进而修复骨缺损,其中,支架是骨组织工程的三要素之一,3D打印技术可以实现骨组织修复的个体化治疗,从而个性化定制人工骨.目的:分析几种常用的骨组织工程支架材料的生物学特性,探讨3D打印技术在骨组织工程支架构建中的应用.方法:通过检索2005至2016年PubMed和万方数据库有关骨组织工程支架材料和3D打印技术应用的相关文献.以"组织工程支架,骨缺损,高分子材料,陶瓷材料,金属材料,复合材料,3D打印"为中文检索词,"Tissue Engineering Scaffold,bone defects,polymer materials,Bioceramics,Metal Materials,Composite Materials,3D printing"为中文检索词,检索摘要内同时包含上述检索词的文献,排除重复性研究,最终纳入65篇文献进一步分析.结果与结论:①目前常用的骨组织工程支架材料包括聚合物材料(如天然聚合物材料和高分子聚合物材料)、生物陶瓷和金属材料等,根据材料的特性将不同材料复合可以弥补单一材料的缺点,并制备新型的组织工程支架材料;②用于组织工程骨制作的3D打印技术包括熔融沉积技术、选择性激光烧结技术、低温沉积制造技术等;③3D打印应用于骨组织工程支架构建时,所用的粉末或黏合剂需具备一定的条件,如流动性、稳定性与可湿性等;用于打印的粉末材料可分为人工合成多聚体、天然高分子聚合物、生物陶瓷及它们的混合物;不同粉末材料的粉末各自优缺点不同,且最终成型效果也不尽相同;④3D打印技术制作的骨组织工程支架在力学、结构、个性化方面有其独特的优势,在骨支架制造方面有广泛的应用前景.%BACKGROUND: Bone tissue engineering plays a very important role in the repair of bone defects, which can deliver bioactive substances, promote bone tissue growth and repair bone defects. Bone scaffolds act as one of the three elements of bone tissue engineering. Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology can achieve individualized bone tissue repair through customized artificial bone preparation.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the biological characteristics of several commonly used bone tissue engineering scaffolds and to explore the application of 3D printing technique in the construction of bone tissue engineering scaffolds.METHODS: The literatures of PubMed and Wanfang database related to bone tissue engineering scaffold materials and 3D printing technology were retrieved from 2005 to 2016. The Keywords were "tissue engineering scaffold, bone defects,polymer materials, bioceramics, metal materials, composite materials, 3D printing" in English and Chinese, respectively,which would appear simultaneously in title and abstract. Repetitive articles were excluded and finally 65 articles were included in result analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The commonly used bone tissue engineering scaffold materials include polymer materials (natural and macromolecule polymeric materials), bioceramics, and metal materials. According to the characteristics of the materials, composite materials made of different materials can compensate for the shortcomings of a single material, and then developed into new tissue engineering scaffold materials. For the tissue engineering bone production, 3D printing technologies include melt deposition technology, selective laser sintering technology, low temperature deposition manufacturing technology, and etc. When the 3D printing technology is used to prepare a bone tissue engineering scaffold, the use of powder or adhesive must have limited conditions, such as flowability, stability and wettability. Powder materials used for 3D printing can be divided into synthetic polymers, natural macromolecules,bioceramics and their mixtures, with different advantages and disadvantages. Ultimately, the bone engineering scaffolds produced by 3D printing technology have unique advantages in mechanics, structure and individuality, and have wide application prospect in the manufacture of bone scaffolds.