中共早期地方领袖、组织形态与乡村社会以曾天宇及其领导的江西万安暴动为中心

摘要

The CCP transplanted the democratic centralism of the Soviet Union Communist Party (Bolshevik)as its own organizational system at its founding days.This system underwent difficult adjustments during the process of Chinese revolution.After the August 7th Meeting in 1927,the CCP started organizing rebellions in rural areas,which incurred severe challenges to its organizational principles and capabilities.The particularity of armed rebellion made the relationship more complex between local party who organize the rebellion and the upper level of party,as well as between the leader of the local party and the party system.Jiangxi Wan’an rebellion was one of the rebellions organized by the CCP after the August 7th Meeting.Zeng Tianyu,head of the Wan’an rebellion,represented a certain type of local leaders of the CCP in early times.Moreover,the conflicts in the CCP organizational system exposed in the organizing of Wan ’an rebellion were also typical in the period of the Agrarian Revolution War. Employing documents, data of organizations, memoirs,chorographies and journals in the field of CCP history,social history and the history of Republic of China,this paper investigates Zeng Tianyu’s life history and ethos,the background and process of Wan’an rebellion,and the effort and failure of the upper level of party which attempted to strengthen the CCP organization in Wan’an.This paper uncovered three kinds of tension in the organization of early CCP.They are (1 )tension between the authority of the officials and personal factors,(2 )tension between the effectiveness of organizational discipline and the autonomy of local leaders,and (3 )tension between the revolution organizing and traditional resources and local interests. These tensions reviewed above can also explain a series of CCP’s organizational events which happened at the same period.%中共在建党初期就移植了俄共（布）的民主集中制作为自身的组织制度。这一制度在中国革命的实践中经历了艰难的调适过程。1927年大革命失败后，中共准备在乡村组织暴动时，组织原则和组织能力就面临着严峻的挑战。组织江西万安暴动的领袖曾天宇，代表了中共早期地方领袖的一种类型，其领导的万安暴动所暴露出的党内组织矛盾也具有一定的典型性。本文将中共党史、社会史以及民国政治史结合在一起，综合运用文件档案、组织史资料、忆述材料、地方史志、报刊等诸多史料，通过对曾天宇的生活史与精神气质的勾勒以及对万安暴动背景与过程的考察，揭示出中共早期组织形态中存在的三重张力：职位关系与个人因素之间的张力；组织纪律的有效性与地方领袖的自主性之间的张力；革命组织与传统资源及地方利益之间的张力。这些张力为同时期的一系列中共党内组织事件提供了解读的逻辑。