面神经的角神经解剖学研究

摘要

目的 了解面神经的角神经解剖位置,为皱眉肌、降眉肌及降眉间肌去神经化手术寻找最佳入路提供安全保证.方法 对10具(20侧)成人新鲜尸头标本行甲醛血管灌注固定后.在10倍手术放大镜下显微解剖,寻找面神经颧支与颊支的分支,确定角神经,观察其与周围血管的位置关系,并追踪角神经到皱眉肌、降眉肌及降眉间肌的入肌点,照像留存.结果 ①按照角神经的形成及分支将角神经分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型.颊支形成复杂的吻合网后又开始形成集中向内眦方向走行,形成单一的角神经,并接收从眼轮匝肌中穿出的颧支,称为角神经Ⅰ型(20%,4/20侧);颊支吻合网与颧支吻合网在"四肌间隙"中形成1支角神经,称角神经Ⅱ型(20%,4/20侧);在"四肌间隙"中形成角神经为上下2支时,称为角神经Ⅲ型(60%,12/20侧).②3种类型的角神经在下眶部都走行于眼轮匝肌支持韧带的下方,在内眦部走行于眼轮匝肌支持韧带的内侧,并与内眦血管伴行.③角神经在内眦韧带水平上方2.19～4.28 mm即有分支进入降眉肌或降眉间肌.角神经有反折支进入上唇鼻翼提肌,最上入肌点距内眦角下方垂直距离为6.89～9.38 mm.结论 在内眦水平线上方2.19 mm至下方6.89 mm的范围内、眼轮匝肌支持韧带的内侧,对角神经进行失神经手术,是最佳的手术入路.%Objective To study the anatomy of angular nerve (AN), so as to provide safe approach for the denervation surgery of corrugator supercilii, depressor supercilii and proceeas. Methods 10 fresh cadaver (20 sides)were perfused and fixed with formalin. Dissection was performed in the 10 X operating microscope. The plexus of the zygomatic branch and the buccal branch were detected to confirm the AN. The relationship of AN with the surrounding blood vessels was observed. We tracked AN until it entered corrugator supercilii, depressor supercilii and procerus. Results ①AN was classified into Ⅰ, Ⅱ ,Ⅲ type according to its formation pattern. Type Ⅰ (20% , 4/20 sides) AN is single, which is mainly from the plexus of buccal branch plus the zygomatic branch from the orbicularis oculi muscle. In type Ⅱ (20% , 4/20 sides) , the single AN was formed by buccal branch plexus and zygomatic branch plexus in the "Four Muscle Gap". In type Ⅲ (60% , 12/20 sides) , the AN had two branches in the "Four Muscle Gap". ②The three types AN passed inferior to the support ligament at the suborbital part, and then transversed medial to the support ligament at the medial canthus, along the vessels of medial canthus. ③ The branch of AN enters the depressor supercilii or procerus 2. 19 to 4. 28 mm above the medial canthus ligament. The backward branch enters the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi 6. 89 to 9. 38 mm below the medial canthus ligament. Conclusions The approach of denervation surgery for AN should be performed medial to the support ligation, between 2. 19 mm above the medial canthus and 6. 89 mm below the medial canthus.