生态穿梭育种在油菜品种选育中的应用

摘要

为筛选广适性早熟高油品种,在不同生态环境条件下穿梭选育甘蓝型油菜,通过对多年(2001-2013年)生态穿梭育种在品种选育中的成效进行总结,结果表明育种材料平均含油量呈现上升趋势,而且随着穿梭育种时间的推移,表现为张掖试验点含油量高于大荔试验点,到2013年选育出含油量达63.8％的新特高油种质材料,在所审定的油菜品种中均突出了高含油量的特点;而且育种材料的生育期也较穿梭育种之前缩短;在对冬油菜的穿梭选育中,选出了适应于春油菜区的油菜品系;部分细胞质雄性不育系表现出了生态型雄性不育的特点,有利于安全制种.因此利用不同生态区的环境条件穿梭选育油菜育种材料,可有效创制出优良种质资源,特别是对甘蓝型油菜的高含油量资源创制、早熟性材料的选育、广适性品种选育等方面有明显效果,同时可利用“高油种质+化学杀雄”的模式测配杂交组合,选育高油强优势油菜品种.%Ecological shuttle breeding method was summarized in Brassica napus breeding for early mature,wide adaptability and high oil content.Breeding was carried out between 2 sites in winter (at Dali,Shaanxi Province) and spring (at Zhangye,Gansu Province).Consecutive program spanned from 2001 to 2013.Results showed that average oil content was improved,and was higher in Zhangye.In 2013,one line with super-high oil content was obtained with 63.8％ oil in seeds.During these years,registered cultivars with high oil content and/or shorter growth period were bred by the shuttle method.For the winter-type rapeseed,the plant adaptability in spring area was also obtained.Some of the CMS lines had the ecological male sterile feature,which facilitated high-er efficiency of hybrid seed production.By using the variance of ecological areas and by consecutive artificial selection,excellent materials could be bred by this method.It had special advantages for creating germplasm with high oil content,early mature,wide adaptability and other excellent agronomic traits in B.napus,especially by using "high oil content germplasm + chemical hybridizing agents" model for high heterosis breeding.