困境与出路：中国法中的“转租收入”留置权——以《中华人民共和国海商法》第141条为视角的解释论

摘要

The owner＇s lien on earnings from the sub-charter,which is presented in Article 141 of Maritime Code of the P.R.China,cannot be exercised effectively since the earnings can never be regarded as being in the possession of the owner.By using the experience of English law for reference,this paper holds that the captioned right is a kind of special transference of creditor＇s rights in accordance with the legal system of China,which is regulated by the Contract Law of the P.R.China.The nature of Lien Clause in the charter party is that the charterer as an assignor transfers the right of collecting the freight or hire to the owner as a consignee.Therefore,in order to satisfy the charterer＇s debts under head c/p,the owner can demand the sub-charterer（debtor） to pay off directly with the sub-charterer receiving the notice of transferring.In the case of successive assignment of the same right,to the author＇s view,the consignee can obtain the right who sent a notice to the debtor at first,which should be a better choice to China legislation.%《中华人民共和国海商法》第141条规定的出租人对承租人转租船舶收入的＂留置权＂,由于缺乏＂占有＂要件而无法有效成立。借鉴英国法经验,提出这一权利在中国法中是一种特别法下的＂债权让与＂行为,应适用《中华人民共和国合同法》的相关规定。租船合同中的＂留置权条款＂应解释为承租人作为让与人,将收取转租合同下的运费或租金之债权转让给作为受让人的出租人,出租人得向次承租人发出支付转租运费或租金的通知,以清偿承租人原合同下所欠付的租金。在债权＂二重让与＂的情形下,中国宜采纳＂通知对抗主义＂的立法模式,即以向债务人发出通知的时间来确定何者取得债权。