开矿对锡林浩特市草原景观的影响

摘要

基于 RS及 GIS技术,对锡林浩特市1995年、2005年和2015年的三期 TM遥感影像进行解译并分类;对典型矿区2009年 Worldview遥感影像以及2015年 GF2遥感影像进行解译并分类;在此基础上应用景观生态学方法,对锡林浩特市1995年以来矿产的开采情况和动态变化以及典型矿区缓冲区的景观格局进行分析.结果表明:1995~2015年间,锡林浩特市全境矿区类型、数量和总面积均显著增加.煤矿成为各类矿区中面积最大的一类矿.居民地、交通和盐碱地景观面积增加,水域景观面积减少.沙地、盐碱地、水域对草地景观的影响减轻,矿区景观对草地景观的影响加重.2009~2015年,在典型矿区缓冲区内,从斑块水平上看,草地依然是主导景观但面积不断减小,优势程度下降,破碎化程度加重;开矿操作区内排土场、工矿仓储、矿坑以及洗矿池斑块面积不断增加,优势度增加,连续性增强;道路、居民地和裸地景观的斑块面积增加、优势度变大、连续性增强,水域面积减小且更为破碎化,耕地面积虽略有增加,但破碎化程度加重;从景观水平上看,草原景观异质性增强,破碎程度增大,景观优势度降低.%In order to study the influence of mining in grassland on the landscape of grassland mining area,the TM images of three phases in 1995,2005 and 2015 in Xilinhot city were interpreted and classified based on RS and GIS technologies.The Worldview remote sensing images in 2009 and the GF2 remote sensing images of typical mines in 2015 were interpreted and classified.On the basis,the research methods of landscape ecology were applied to analyze the mining situation and dynamic changes of mineral re-sources,as well as the landscape pattern of the typical mining buffer zone in Xilinhot since 1995.The re-sults showed that during the period from 1995 to 2015,the type,quantity and total area of mining areas in Xilinhot increased significantly.Coal mine has become the largest mine of all mining areas.The landscape area of residential areas,traffic and saline land increased,but water landscape area reduced.The impact of sandy land,saline land and water on grassland landscape was alleviated,and the influence of mining land-scape on grassland landscape aggravated.In typical mining buffer zone,from the plaque level,the grass was still the dominant landscape from 2009 to 2015,but its area continued to decrease,the degree of ad-vantage decreased,and the degree of fragmentation worsened.In mining operation area,dumping area,in-dustrial and mining warehousing,pit and mining pond plaque area increased,the degree of dominance in-creased,the mining area in grassland continued to expand outward.Dumps,pit and wash pool continually enhanced.The area of plains in roads,residential areas and bare land increased,the dominance degree in-creased,and the continuity increased.The area of water area decreased and became more fragmented, while the area of arable land increased slightly,but the degree of fragmentation increased.From the land-scape level,the heterogeneity of grassland landscape increased,the degree of fragmentation increased,and the landscape dominance decreased.