Nanomaterial,with one dimension in the range of 1 to 100 nm at least,possesses unique properties and functions of nanoscale.And nanoparticles are three-dimensional nanoscale materials.Nanoparticles have a broad application prospect because of their unique physical and chemical properties and special effects.Meanwhile,the biological safety ofnanoparticles has attracted more and more attention.Nanoparticles can affect organisms in multiple levels,such as animals,cells,subcells,proteins,genes and so on.The effect of nanoparticles on organisms is an extremely complex biological process,and the current research is mostly focused on the level of cells.Nanotechnology has promoted the improvement of traditional dental materials and made great progress in the clinical treatment of oral diseases.With the increasing application of nanomaterials in the field of stomatology,the chances of exposure to nanoparticles in patients with oral diseases are greatly increased.Studies have shown that a variety of dental nanomaterials are potentially toxic to the central nervous system,and the biological effects of different nanoparticles on osteoblasts,dental pulp cells and periodontal ligament cells will become the focus of future research.The study of the biological effects of nanoparticles on cells is beneficial to the safe application of nanoparticles in the field of life sciences.In this review,we summarized the biological effects,possible mechanisms and influencing factors of nanoparticles on cells.%纳米材料是指至少有一个维度的直径范围在1-100nm之间且具有纳米尺度独特性质和功能的物质,而三维均在纳米尺度的纳米材料被称为纳米颗粒.纳米颗粒以其特有的理化性质和特殊效应展现出广阔的应用前景,与此同时其生物安全性也越来越多的引起人们的关注.纳米颗粒可以在动物、细胞和亚细胞、蛋白和基因等多水平对生物体产生作用,纳米颗粒对生物体作用的方式、途径和机制是一个极其复杂的生物学过程,目前的研究多集中于细胞水平.纳米技术推动了传统口腔材料的改良,使口腔临床治疗取得了巨大进步.随着纳米材料在口腔医学领域的应用日益增多,口腔患者接触到纳米颗粒的机会大大增加.研究表明,多种口腔纳米材料对中枢神经系统具有潜在毒性,而不同纳米颗粒对成骨细胞、牙髓细胞及牙周膜细胞等的生物学效应将成为未来研究的重点.开展纳米颗粒对细胞生物学效应的研究,有利于纳米颗粒材料在生命科学领域中的安全应用.本文结合相关文献就纳米颗粒对细胞的生物学效应、可能机制及影响因素做一论述.
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