Zr的添加对 CeTiOx NH3-SCR催化剂抗碱金属中毒能力的提升

摘要

CeTiOx and CeZrTiOx catalysts were prepared by a coprecipitation method and used for selective catalytic reduction of NOx by NH3 (NH3‐SCR). Various amounts of KNO3 were impregnated on the catalyst surface to investigate the effects of Zr addition on the K+‐poisoning resistance of the CeTiOx catalyst. The NH3‐SCR performance of the catalysts showed that the NOx removal activity of the Zr‐modified catalyst after poisoning was better than that of the CeTiOx catalyst. Brunau‐er‐Emmett‐Teller data indicated that the Zr‐containing catalyst had a larger specific surface area and pore volume both before and after K+poisoning. X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy showed that Zr doping inhibited anatase TiO2 crystal grain growth, i.e., the molten salt flux effect caused by the loaded KNO3 was inhibited. The Ce 3d X‐ray photoelectron spectra showed that the Ce3+/Ce4+ratio of CeZrTiOx decreased more slowly than that of CeTiOx with increasing K+loading, indicating that Zr addition preserved more crystal defects and oxygen vacancies; this improved the catalytic performance. The acidity was a key factor in the NH3‐SCR performance; the temperature‐programmed desorption of NH3 results showed that Zr doping inhibited the decrease in the surface acidity. The results suggest that Zr improved the K+‐poisoning resistance of the CeTiOx catalyst.%CeTiOx具有高的 NH3选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR)活性和 N2选择性,被认为是具有应用前景的催化剂.但是, CeTiOx不抗碱金属中毒,在含有大量 K离子的生物质柴油的燃烧装置中中毒尤为严重,因而限制了 CeTiOx催化剂在生物质燃料装置上的进一步应用.本文通过在 CeTiOx催化剂中掺杂 Zr元素来提升其抗 K+中毒的能力.采用共沉淀法制备了 CeTiOx (CT)和 CeZrTiOx (ZCT)两种 NH3-SCR催化剂.将不同含量的硝酸钾(K+/Ce =0.1,0.2)负载在催化剂表面,焙烧处理后得到 K+中毒的催化剂(K0.1-CT, K0.2-CT, K0.1-ZCT和 K0.2-ZCT).通过测定各催化剂的催化活性来研究 Zr的添加对 CT催化剂抗 K+中毒能力的影响. NH3-SCR活性数据表明, CT和 ZCT催化剂都达到了接近100%的 NOx转化率,且两种新鲜催化剂的催化性能基本无差别.浸渍不同含量的 K+之后, ZCT催化剂明显优于 CT催化剂： K0.1-CT和 K0.1-ZCT上的 NOx转化率分别为90%和62%；而 K0.2-CT和 K0.2-ZCT上分别为48%和13%.可见,随 K+添加, ZCT催化剂活性降低更缓慢,表明 Zr的添加提高了 CT催化剂抗 K+中毒能力. BET数据显示,在新鲜催化剂中, Zr的添加增加了催化剂比表面积和孔体积； K+中毒之后, ZCT仍然表现出比 CT更好的织构性能. X射线衍射和拉曼光谱结果显示,随着 K+负载量的增加,锐钛矿 TiO2的衍射峰逐渐变得尖锐,说明无定形 TiO2逐渐结晶并不断长大,从而导致催化剂比表面积下降.与 CT相比,随着 K+负载量增加,催化剂晶型并没有明显变化.这说明 Zr的添加可以抑制锐钛矿 TiO2的结晶及长大.由此可见 Zr的添加可抑制因 K+中毒而引起的催化剂结构变化,所以仍能保持较高的 NOx转化率.透射电镜(TEM)结果表明,随着 K+负载量逐渐增加,催化剂的晶粒尺寸逐渐变大： CT, K0.1-CT和 K0.2-CT的平均晶粒尺寸分别为7,13和15 nm,而 ZCT催化剂晶粒尺寸增大并不明显,分别为5,8和10 nm.很明显, Zr的添加抑制了催化剂晶粒长大,从而提高了其结构稳定性能.综上可见,由负载 KNO3而引起的“熔盐效应”得到了有效抑制. X射线光电子能谱结果表明,随着 K+负载量增加, CeZrTiOx催化剂的 Ce3+/Ce4+值下降得比 CeTiOx更缓慢,说明加入 Zr之后,催化剂具有更多的晶格缺陷和氧空缺,因而有利于 NH3-SCR活性的提高. ；另外,催化剂酸性也是影响 NH3-SCR活性的关键因素. NH3程序升温脱附结果显示, Zr的添加可以使 CeTiOx催化剂在 K+中毒之后仍保持较高的酸性,即 Zr的添加抑制了 K+对催化剂表面酸性的巨大破坏作用.综上可知, Zr的添加提升了 CeTiOx催化剂抗 K+中毒能力.