麻醉药品和精神药品管制研究Ⅰ——麻醉药品和精神药品国际管制的历程与现状

摘要

目的:研究麻醉药品和精神药品(以下简称麻精药品)国际管制的历程及现状,为我国麻精药品管制提供参考.方法:通过检索收集国内外数据库、新闻报道、国际网站中有关麻精药品的文献、报道与政策等,对国际组织麻精药品管制历程及现状进行整理研究.结果与结论:麻醉药品的国际管制始于19世纪对华鸦片贸易,经上海会议、海牙会议后初步建立了麻醉药品的国际管制体制,一战结束和国际联盟的成立、多项国际条约的签订促进了国际管制体系的发展.经过二战、联合国成立与国际管制组织的变迁,多项国际条约于20世纪60年代初整合为《麻醉药品单一公约》,成为各国麻醉药品管制制度的基础;20世纪70年代,《精神药品公约》通过,表明精神药品正式纳入国际管制范畴;20世纪80年代,《联合国禁止非法贩运麻醉药品和精神药品公约》的签订标志着国际麻精药品管制三大公约体系正式建成.目前的国际麻精药品管制以三大公约为管制依据,实行列表管制,由麻醉药品委员会、国际麻醉药品管制局、联合国国际禁毒计划署合作管制;绝大多数国家都是三大公约缔约国,国际组织的管制机构与列表管制方式对各国麻精药品管制均有影响.%OBJECTIVE:To study the development and status quo of international narcotics and psychotropic substances (NPS)control,and to provide evidence for NPS control in China. METHODS:The development and status quo of NPS control by international organization were summarized and studied through retrieving and collecting literatures,reports and policies about NPS from domestic and foreign databases,news reports and international website. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:International narcot-ics control dated back to opium trade with China in 19th century. International narcotics control system was established preliminarily by Shanghai conference and Haiya conference. The end of World War Ⅰ,the establishment of the League of Nations and the sign-ing of a number of international treaties promoted the development of internal control system. Through World War Ⅱ,the establish-ment of the United Nations and the change of international control organization,a number of international treaties were integrated into Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs in the early 1960s,which was used as the foundation of narcotics control system all round the world. In 1970s,the adoption of Convention on Psychotropic Substances meant psychotropic substances were included in the scope of internal control. In 1980s,the signing of United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psy-chotropic Substances marked the establishment of three conventions system of international NPS control. At present,internal NPS control is based on three conventions system and NPS list by Commission on Narcotic Drugs,International Narcotics Control Board and United Nations International Drug Control Program. The vast majority of countries are parties to that. International control orga-nizations and listed control have a great influence on NPS control all round the world.