Nontuberculous Mycobacteria belonged to the Mycobacterium of Mycobacteriaceae of the Actinomycetales, the nontuberculous Mycobacteria distributed widely and could infect domestic animals and humans. In recent years, an increasing number of nontuberculous Mycobacteria disease had been discovered and reported, it had caused the researchers's attention and interest. Because the nontuberculous Mycobacteria and Mycobacteria tuberculosis were similar in clinical manifestations, they were difficult for diagnosis. This paper expounded the pathogenicity of nontuberculous Mycobacteria from three aspects, susceptible population, infected part, growth in terms of infection and chronic, and illustrated their clinical symptoms, then compared several analysis and identified methods such as traditional method, phage analysis, polymerase chain reaction technology and nucleic acid probes. It supported that when the clinical characterization was similar, not only using traditional method for identification,but also using multiple separation method for combination of separation identification. It could reduce time and save cost, and we should continue to research and develop new analysis and identify methods.%非结核性分支杆菌属于放线菌目,分支杆菌科,分支杆菌属,其分布广泛,可传染家畜及人类.近年来随着越来越多的非结核性分支杆菌疾病被发现并报道出来,已经引起人们的广泛关注和学者的研究兴趣.由于非结核性分支杆菌其临床表现与结核性分支杆菌极为相似,诊断起来有一定的困难.根据国内外近几年的报道,对非结核性分支杆菌从易感人群、感染部位及长期慢性生长等角度综述其致病性,举例说明其临床症状,再总结比较了传统分析鉴定法、噬菌体分析法、聚合酶链式反应技术和核酸探针等几种非结核性分支杆菌的鉴定方法,建议在临床表征相似时,不仅仅采用传统方法进行分离鉴定,应该采用多种分离方法相结合来进行细菌的分离鉴定,减少时间,节约成本,同时继续研发新的分类方法.
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