肠道微生物—上皮细胞屏障互作的研究进展

摘要

肠道上皮细胞(intestinal epithelial cells,IECs)是动物机体抵御病原微生物的第一道防线,是黏膜机械屏障、免疫屏障和化学屏障的重要组成部分,具有吸收和屏障双层功能.肠道中微生物数量庞大、种类繁多,根据其与宿主的关系,主要分为共生菌、条件致病菌和病原菌3类,在肠道屏障的构建中发挥重要作用.IECs首先通过直接或间接方式对肠道微生物进行识别,区别自身与非自身,对自身物质(即共生菌)免疫耐受,对非自身物质(即病原菌)产生特异性免疫反应.IECs与肠道共生菌共同抵御肠道病原微生物,维持肠道健康,病原微生物侵入肠道,IECs主要通过胞外分泌物和细胞表面黏液层双重屏障发挥作用,其中胞外分泌物主要包括黏蛋白、抗菌分子和抗微生物免疫球蛋白.肠道共生菌可以通过竞争识别位点,分泌抗菌物质,增加黏液分泌,诱导IECs更新、增殖和修复等方式抵御病原微生物,维护正常的肠黏膜屏障功能.在IECs抵御肠道病原微生物入侵过程中,病原微生物通过自身运动、分泌毒素和酶等破坏肠上皮屏障,直接接触IECs,对其进行损伤.因此IECs和肠道菌群间相互作用,共同维持肠道内环境稳态.作者就IECs和肠道微生物结构、功能的适应性变化作—综述,以期阐述肠道微生物—上皮细胞屏障互作的机制.%Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are the first line of defense against pathogenic microorganisms of animal organism,which are important component of mucosal mechanical barrier,immune barrier and chemical barrier,they have absorption and barrier double function.In the intestine,there are many kinds of microorganisms.According to its relationship with the host,it is divided into three types of commensal bacteria,conditional pathogenic bacteria and pathogenic bacteria,it plays an important role in the construction of intestinal barrier.Firstly,IECsidentify the intestinal microbes by direct or indirect ways,and distinguish their own and non-self,it is immune tolerance to their own substances (such as,commensal bacteria),and produce specific immune response to non-self-substances (pathogenic bacteria).Both of IECs and intestinal commensal bacteria together against pathogens maintain intestinal health.When the pathogenic microorganisms invade the intestine,IECs defense pathogenic microorganisms mainly through extracellular secretions and cell sudace mucus layer,and the former largely include mucin,antibacterial molecular and antimicrobial immunoglobulin.The intestinal symbiotic bacteria can resist the pathogenic microorganisms and maintain the normal intestinal mucosal barrier function through the competitive identification sites,the secretion of antimicrobial substances,the increase of mucus secretion,the induction of IECs renewal,proliferation and repair.In the process of resisting invasion of gut microbes,pathogenic microorganisms through their own movement,secretion of toxins and enzymes to destroy the intestinal epithelial barrier,and directly contact with IECs to damage them.So the interaction between IECs and intestinal bacteria maintain the intestinal homeostasis.In this paper,a review is made of the IECs and intestinal microbial structure and functional adaptations,and hope to elaborate the mechanism of intestinal microbial-epithelial cell bar rier interaction.