岩溶天生桥纵向分层旅游开发方式——以重庆黔江蒲花天生桥群为例

摘要

The natural bridges are classified into 4 types in this paper on the basis of their surrounding rocks (dissoluble rock or indissoluble rock), scale parameters (the height of bridge, the height and span of bridge arch), development characteristics of river valley under the bridge (perennial, seasonal river or enneri), and formation mechanism (at surface or underground ). A brief description is also made concerning the types, distribution patterns, scale parameters, characteristics of landscape combination and comparison of typical karst natural bridges discovered in China in recent years. With Qianjiang Puhua natural bridge group in Chongqing as an example, the authors preliminarily analyzed its formation mechanism, systematically evaluated its resource system, and generalized its resource characteristics as "one river, two bridges, three skylights" through a comparison with the tourist resources of Qianjiang area, Wuling Mountain area and other similar scenic areas. Its development theme is defined as "visiting underground river under natural bridge, walking overbridge above natural bridge, drifting riptide upper stream" on the basis of its characteristics and market conditions. The authors put forward its function layout of "1-2-1-3" structure, discussed the development of different function areas, posed 3 levels of tourism products, I.e., magistral, important and assorted product items, constructed 3 sight-seeing loop lines which connected underground and surface natural bridges, and designed lighting effects of triplicity of "river + human being + bridge". Based on generalizing, comparing and analyzing the tourism development of the typical karst natural bridges in China, this paper brings forward the scheme for tourism development of karst natural bridges as the longitudinal delamination mode, and generalizes the mode into 3 layers, I.e., the mode of "sightseeing under natural bridge, protecting above natural bridge", the mode of "sightseeing under and above natural bridge", and the mode of "sightseeing above natural bridge, protecting under natural bridge".%本文按发育岩性(可溶岩和非可溶岩),发育规模(如桥高、拱高、跨度等),桥下河谷的发育特征(常年性、季节性河流和干谷),及发育成因(地表和地下),提出天生桥的4大分类方案,简要介绍和概括了近年来中国发现的典型岩溶天生桥的类型、分布格局、发育规模及景观组合和对比特征.然后以重庆黔江蒲花天生桥群为例,初步分析和探讨了它的形成与演化,系统分析和评价了它的资源系统,通过与黔江区、武陵山区旅游资源及国内其它相似景区的对比,概括其资源特色为“一河两桥三窗”,并结合其市场条件,将旅游开发主题定格为“桥下游暗河,桥上走天桥,上游漂激流”,提出“一心二带一区三环”的功能布局,探讨不同功能区的开发思路,划分出主导、重要和配套3个层次的旅游产品项目,构建连通桥上桥下的三大游览环线,设计出“河-人-桥”三位一体的灯光效果.最后,通过对中国典型岩溶天生桥旅游开发方式的概括、对比和分析,提出岩溶天生桥纵向分层旅游开发方式,并概括出3大分层方式:(1)“桥下观光,桥上保护”式；(2)“桥下桥上观光”式；(3)“桥下保护,桥上观光”式.