'三定'栽培对双季超级稻养分吸收积累及氮肥利用率的影响

摘要

为探讨南方双季超级稻对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收积累及利用规律,于2008-2010年在湖南长沙和浏阳以超级早稻陆两优996、陵两优268和超级晚稻丰源优299、天优华占为材料进行大田定位试验,比较了"三定"栽培、免耕摆栽和传统栽培条件下双季超级稻不同生育期植株体内氮、磷、钾吸收积累特点及氮肥利用率.与传统栽培相比,"三定"栽培双季超级稻生长前期(分蘖中期)氮、磷、钾的吸收量较低,幼穗分化期差异小,而齐穗期(早季平均为10.71、2.23和11.82gm-2,晚季平均为12.25、2.69和16.37gm-2)和成熟期(早季平均为13.61、3.01和13.71gm-2,晚季平均为17.16、3.31和18.31gm-2)较高;氮肥的偏生产力(平均为53.40kgkg-1)、吸收利用率(平均为55.98%)、农学利用率(平均为22.27kgkg-1)较高,分别提高29.00%、88.92%和46.67%.免耕摆栽双季超级稻不同生育时期氮、磷、钾的吸收特点与"三定"栽培相似,但其氮肥的偏生产力、吸收利用率和农学利用率(平均为50.24kgkg-1、52.75%和19.33kgkg-1)分别比"三定"栽培降低6.29%、6.12%和15.19%.由此可见,双季超级稻生产采用"三定"栽培技术有利于提高氮肥利用率.%To determine the uptake and utilization pattern of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in double cropping super rice, we conducted a field experiment in Changsha andLiuyang city, Hunan province, China during 2008-2010. N, P, andK uptake and utilization of super early rice Luliangyou 996 and Lingliangyou 268 and super late rice Tianyouhuazhan and Fen-gyuanyou 299 were compared among "Sanding" cultivation method (quantify the target yield, quantify the population indexes and quantify the cultivation techniques), no-tillage and seedling broadcasting, and traditional cultivation method. Compared with traditional cultivation method, N, P, and K accumulations by "Sanding" cultivation method were less at mid-tillering, almost the same at panicle initiation, and more at full heading (average amount of N, P, and K uptake was 10.71, 2.23, and 11.82 g m-2 in early rice, and 12.25, 2.69, and 16.37 g m-2 in late rice, respectively) and maturity (average amount of N, P, and K uptake was 13.61, 3.01, and 13.71 g m-2 in early rice, and 17.16, 3.31, and 18.31 g m-2 in late rice, respectively). Average nitrogen use efficiency with "Sanding" cultivation method [53.40 kg kg"1, 55.98%, and 22.27 kg kg"1 of partial factor productivity, nitrogen recovery efficiency (REN) and nitrogen agronomic efficiency (AEN), respectively] was higher than that with traditional cultivation method by 29.00%, 88.20%, and 46.67%, respectively. N, P and K accumulation by "Sanding" cultivation method was similar to that by no-tillage and seedling broadcasting. However, average partial factor productivity, REN and AENwith "Sanding" cultivation method were 6.29%, 6.12%, and 15.19% higher than those with no-tillage and seedling broadcasting, respectively. Thus, nitrogen use efficiency could be improved by adoption of "Sanding" cultivation method in double rice production in South China.