双季晚稻不同类型品种产量及其群体动态特征差异研究

摘要

在长江中游双季稻地区(江西上高)，以籼粳杂交稻、杂交粳稻、常规粳稻和杂交籼稻4种类型20个具有代表性的品种为材料，采用湿润育秧大苗移栽种植方式，设置各类型品种最适的高产栽培处理，系统比较分析了不同类型水稻品种产量及其构成、茎蘖动态、叶面积动态与组成、光合势、干物质积累、群体生长率和净同化率等方面的差异，以期为双季稻区适宜品种的选用以及高产栽培提供理论依据与技术支撑。结果表明，双季晚稻不同类型品种产量表现为籼粳杂交稻>杂交粳稻>常规粳稻>杂交籼稻，差异极显著。籼粳杂交稻群体产量最高的原因是在保持一定穗数的基础上，极显著增加每穗粒数，进而提高群体颖花量，同时保持稳定的结实率和千粒重。与杂交粳稻、常规粳稻和杂交籼稻群体相比，籼粳杂交稻群体茎蘖数于生育前期稳步增长，在有效分蘖临界叶龄期及时够苗，够苗后增长平缓，高峰苗数量较少、下降平缓，成穗率中等(73.19%左右)；群体叶面积指数前期增长较缓，最大值出现在孕穗期，为7.93左右，此后平稳减少，抽穗期叶面积指数、有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率及粒叶比均极显著增高，成熟期仍保持3.85以上；群体干物质积累量有效分蘖临界叶龄期和拔节期少，拔节后干物质积累速度较快，孕穗期、抽穗期、乳熟期和成熟期显著或极显著增高，且生育中后期干物质积累比例高；群体光合势、群体生长率和净同化率表现为“前小，中高，后强”。%In order to provide the scientific basis and technical support for the selection of suitable cultivars and high-yielding cultivation in double cropping systems, we selectedindica-japonica hybrid rice,japonica hybrid rice,japonica conventional rice andindica hybrid rice in double-cropping rice areas (Shanggao of Jiangxi) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River to analyze the differences of yield and its components, development of stem and tiller number, development of leaf area and its composition, photosynthetic potential, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate of rice cultivars with different types systematically using wet nursery and big seedlings transplanting under high-yielding cultivation condition. Results showed that the yields of different types of late rice cultivars in double cropping systems all demonstratedindica-japonica hybrid rice >ja-ponica hybrid rice >japonica conventional rice >indica hybrid rice very significantly. Establishing enough total spikelets through adequate panicles and large spikelets per panicle, and keeping a sustainable seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight on the basic way to obtain the highest yieldforindica-japonica hybrid rice. Compared withjaponica hybrid rice, japonica conventional rice and indica hybrid rice,indica-japonica hybrid rice showed fewer tillers at the early growth stage, achieved expected number of stems and tillers at the critical leaf age for productive tiller, and had lower number of peak tiller at the jointing stage. Then, the indica-japonica hybrid population had a steady decline in number of tillers with a higher productive tillers rate (about 73.19%). The leaf area index ofindica-japonica hybrid rice population was lower at the early growth stage, with the maximum leaf area index of about 7.93 at booting, and kept more than 3.85 at maturity, whose leaf area index, the ratio of effective leaf area, ratio of effective leaf area in top three leaves and ratio of grain to leaf were significantly higher than those ofjaponica hybrid rice, japo-nica conventional rice and indica hybrid rice population at heading. The dry matter accumulation ofindica-japonica hybrid rice was comparable to that ofjaponica hybrid rice, japonica conventional rice and indica hybrid rice population at the critical leaf age for productive tiller and at the jointing stage, increased greater after jointing, and was higher at booting, heading, milky stage and maturity. The proportion of total biomass accumulation was higher at the middle and late growth stage. The photosynthetic poten-tial, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate were smaller at the early stage and higher at the middle and late stages.